R&D statistics in Denmark organization of data collection, and dissemination of R&D statistics

 Education statistics  Public finance  Business Structures Conducting of statistics divided in three divisions of Statistics Denmark: 2

 Ph.D. statistics  Government budget on R&D  Private sector R&D  Public sector R&D Four distinct surveys: 3

 EU regulation: innovation data to be delivered for even years only  Statistics Denmark carry out a yearly innovation survey  Combine the R&D and innovation surveys  Few R&D questions in even years, full scale R&D survey in odd years  Advantages:  Closely related and corresponding data - R&D is part of the innovation activities  Better possibilities for correction of data  Drawbacks:  a very extensive questionnaire in even years – large response burden Combined R&D and innovation survey 4

Data system 5

 The sample is drawn from the Business Register.  The sample is filed into the ‘filing system’ (IBS).  From the ‘filing system’ letters for the respondents are printed  The respondents fill in the information in the electronic questionnaire (Virk.dk).  From Virk.dk the information received from the respondents is filled into the ‘filing system database’ (XIS2)’, which is the database in which Statistics Denmark store all business-related data. Processes 6

 From the database the data are read into the ‘filing system’, from where clerks can see and correct the data if necessary  Printing of reminders is done from the ‘filing system’  From the ‘filing system’ data is read into the data archive  From the data archive programs for identification of mistakes, printing of lists with possible mistakes, imputation and electronic correction is executed  Correction of the data received is done (partially) manually by entering the correct values in COREFORM, which is an electronic questionnaire for correction. From here data is read into the ‘filing system data base’ Processes continued I 7

 Imputation of missing responses from large enterprises (100(+) employees???) is one of the last processes. By the imputation missing values are replaced by an actual value.  Calibrated weights for each respondent are being calculated (by Statistics Denmark's methodological unit). This is the last step before analysis and publication.  Analyses are carried out during the whole process:  During the preparation of the statistics  When the data is considered final and ready for publication Processes continued II 8

 App. 5,000 enterprises participate in the survey  Panel with 2,000 enterprises:  Having had R&D or innovation expenses of Euro or more in previous survey  In R&D activities (NACE 72)  With more than 100 full-time employees (appr. 1,000 enterprises)  Sample with appr. 3,000 enterprises  A rolling panel – ¾ of the enterprises are included in the following years survey Sample 9

 From 2009 Statistics Denmark decided that the first publication of results from the survey should be preliminary  In order to make corrections in the following year  Advantage for statistics and for the business reporting  … Preliminary and final data 10

 Variables related to R&D personnel are central to the statistics  R&D is carried out by human ressources  Direct measure of the ressources used  R&D personnels, number of R&D man-years, wages and other operating costs are closely related - enterprises performing own R&D must inform of these variables  E.g. patents are always supplied with information on the person who has developed it, even if is an enterprise or an institution that applies for a patent. R&D personnel 11

 The R&D-personnel related variables are checked in several ways, e.g.:  R&D man-years/R&D personnel: man-years can not exceed number of R&D personnel  R&D man-years and wages: mean wages per R&D man- year is calculated, and should lie in a fixed interval ( Euro)  R&D man-years are compared to the previous year for same enterprise, and changes should not exceed a certain percentage  Changes exceeding a certain ratio: the enterprise is contacted  In 2012 app. 600 enterprises were contacted conc. their responses Checks (Business sector R&D) 12

 If information is missing, figures are estimated:  If the enterprise has responses from previous year or the year before: the ratio is used for imputation  Otherwise the imputation is based on the total of the records where all three variables are filled in Imputations (Business sector R&D) 13 information available R&D man-years XXX Wages for R&D XXX Other operating costs for R&D XXX

 Statistics based on a census of R&D-performing institutions (universities, hospitals, private non-profit etc.)  Population more or less the same from year to year  The reported figures are compared to figures from previous year  If major changes: the institutions are contacted  For the few missing information: estimations R&D personnel in the public sector 14