Genetics

Mitosis Makes body cells Daughter cells are identical to parent cells Asexual 1 Diploid Cell > 2 Diploid Cells

Meiosis Makes sex cells ( gametes, sperm/ egg) Daughter cells are different from parent cells Sexual 1 Diploid Cell > 4 Haploid Cells

Steps of Cell Cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Interphase Cell grows (G1 and G2), DNA replicates (S)

Prophase Chromosomes aPPear: DNA condenses into chromosomes

Metaphase DNA in Middle of cell

Anaphase DNA moves apart toward opposite ends of the cell

Telophase Two Nuclei

Cytokinesis Cell Splits, dividing into 2 cells

Crossing Over Occurs during Meiosis, Prophase I Gives Genetic variation in sexually reproducing species

DNA (Gene) Double stranded and Deoxyribose Made of nucleotides

DNA Each nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base

DNA The nitrogen bases are Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine A pairs with T C pairs with G

DNA Replication When 1 piece becomes 2

RNA: Protein Synthesis Single stranded Ribose Sugar The base Uracil replaces Thymine A pairs with U C pairs with G

3 kinds- mRNA, rRNA, tRNA mRNA- is the message, a copy of the DNA rRNA- Reads the message tRNA- takes the amino acid to the growing protein chain

Transcription DNA makes mRNA Happens in the nucleus

Translation RNA makes the Protein Happens at the ribosome All 3 types of RNA help

Mutation A random change in the base (letters) Causing a protein to be made wrong or not at all.

Non-disjuction Change in chromosome number. Ex. Down's Syndrome- a baby has 47 chromosomes instead of 46.

DNA Technology

Karyotype Picture of the chromosomes of the baby, can tell if baby has certain problems based on chromosome number and location

Down Syndrome Caused by trisomy (3 chromosomes) at #21

Gel Electrophoresis DNA fingerprint, band pattern, crime and paternity

Transgenic Organisms/ Recombinant DNA Organism with DNA from 2 different species Example: human insulin bacteria

Cloning Making identical genetic copies of an organism Made through Asexual Reproduction

Punnett Squares

Trait Characteristic Eye color, hair color

Allele Options Brown, blue, green. Hazel eye color

Dominant Trait the shows

Recessive Trait that hides, unless you get it from both parents

Homozygous/Pure Both traits are the same TT or tt

Heterozygous/Hybrid Both traits are different Tt

Phenotype Physical appearance Tall, Blue AA Aaaa

Genotypes Types of genes Homozygous recessive (rr) GG – Homozygous Dominant Gg – Heterozygous Gg – Homozygous Recessive

Special Crosses Dihybrid Cross: DDGG Codominance: Both Show Incomplete dominance: Blend/In-between Autosomal- NOT SEX linked/ NO X's Sex-linked: X-linked X B X B - Normal Girl X B X b - Carrier Girl X b X b - Affected Girl X B y – Normal Boy X b y – Affected Boy

Sickle Cell Sickle Cell- Due to a Point Mutation causing a change in the protein resulting in a sickle shaped blood cell.

Pedigree Are used to study a inheritance of a trait in a family

Analyzing a Pedigree 1. Is it sex-linked (female carrier ONLY) 2. What is recessive?

Evolution- Change over time Evolution caused by natural selection, so organisms must ADAPT to survive Charles Darwin: Father of Evolution Darwin's Ideas: Overproduction of offspring Variation Competition Survival of the Fittest

Evidences of Evolution Fossils Comparative Anatomy

Comparative Anatomy: Common Ancestor Homologous Structures- same structure, different function. Ex. Human arm, whale flipper, bird wind

Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Structure- organ no longer used, gets smaller Ex. Human appendix and tailbone

Evidences of Evolution Embryology-Comparing embryos of different species: Common Ancestor Biochemistry- comparing DNA sequences

Evolution Time Line 1. Anaerobic, Prokaryotes 2. Photosynthetic, Prokaryotes 3. Aerobic, Prokaryotes 4. Heterotrophic Eukaryotes

Endosymbiosis Explains How Eukaryotic Cells Evolved. A larger cell swallowed a smaller cell (Now Known as the chloroplast or mitochondrion. Evidence Mitochondrion and Chloroplasts have their own DNA

Scientists of Evolution 1. Lamark- believed that as the environment changed the organism changed 2. Darwin- believed Natural Selection determines what organisms survive and produce offspring 3. Malthus- Human Population Growth would lead to Famine and Poverty 4. Lyell- proved the earth was older than people thought 5. Wallace- had the same ideas as Darwin, but Darwin got all the credit

Taxonomy Kingdom: Largest Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species: Smallest

Kingdoms Bacteria: Unicellular, prokaryotes Protists: Unicellular, eukaryotes Fungi: Multicelluar, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophs, Cell Wall, and No locomotion Plants: Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Autotrophs, Cell Wall, and No locomotion Animals: Mulicellular, Eukaryotic, Heterotrophs, and Locomotion

Plant Parts Flowers: Used for Reproduction (Pollination) Leaf: Used for Photosynthesis Stomata: found on the leaf used for gas exchange (take in CO 2 and release O 2 ) Xylem: Vascular tissue used to move materials UP through the plant Phloem: Vascular tissue used to move materials DOWN the plant.

Animal Kingdom Phylum Chordata: Spinal cord and backbone Class Mammalia: Live birth and Mammary Glands