That time of month UTERINE CYCLE Anne Fong BIO 260 M/WTonini

Anatomy

Hormones GnRH: synthesized in the hypothalamus & stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH & RHGnRH: synthesized in the hypothalamus & stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH & RH FSH: stimulates immature follicles to grow & prepare for ovulationFSH: stimulates immature follicles to grow & prepare for ovulation LH: stimulates ovulation & corpus luteum developmentLH: stimulates ovulation & corpus luteum development Estrogen: released by ovaries & corpus luteum; low concentrations  negative feedback (decreasing FSH & LH); high concentration  positive feedback (increasing FSH & LH)Estrogen: released by ovaries & corpus luteum; low concentrations  negative feedback (decreasing FSH & LH); high concentration  positive feedback (increasing FSH & LH) Progesterone: released by ovaries & corpus luteum and dramatically increases after ovulation ;helps build & maintain thickened endometriumProgesterone: released by ovaries & corpus luteum and dramatically increases after ovulation ;helps build & maintain thickened endometrium Inhibin: released by corpus luteum; negative feedback on FSHInhibin: released by corpus luteum; negative feedback on FSH

Phases Menses: first phase of uterine cycle involving menstruation (shedding of endometrial lining); FSH will begin increasing during the last few days of this stageMenses: first phase of uterine cycle involving menstruation (shedding of endometrial lining); FSH will begin increasing during the last few days of this stage Proliferative: second phase involving the growth of endometrial tissue; becomes more vascular; correlates to increasing estrogenProliferative: second phase involving the growth of endometrial tissue; becomes more vascular; correlates to increasing estrogen Secretory: third phase involving more growth and maintenance of the endometrium in preparation for implantation; influenced by progesteroneSecretory: third phase involving more growth and maintenance of the endometrium in preparation for implantation; influenced by progesterone

breakdown Ovarian vs. Uterine

But… If pregnancy occurs, the cycle takes a different route… Embryo secretes hCG  Corpus luteum is maintained  progesterone & estrogen is released until placenta forms

Issues with menses Amenorrhea: absence of menstruation (>1); pregnancy, eating disorder, drug side effect, stress; can be treated with oral contraceptive, delivery, or hormone therapyAmenorrhea: absence of menstruation (>1); pregnancy, eating disorder, drug side effect, stress; can be treated with oral contraceptive, delivery, or hormone therapy Dysmenorrhea: pain during menses; PID, endometriosis, other medical issues; treatment includes oral contraceptive & pain relieversDysmenorrhea: pain during menses; PID, endometriosis, other medical issues; treatment includes oral contraceptive & pain relievers Menopause: absence of menstruation due to age (40s- 50s); hot flashes, osteoporosis, mood swings, weight change due to lack of hormones; treated by hormone therapy & drugs to lessen hot flashesMenopause: absence of menstruation due to age (40s- 50s); hot flashes, osteoporosis, mood swings, weight change due to lack of hormones; treated by hormone therapy & drugs to lessen hot flashes

Questions?

References Marieb, E. (1995). Human anatomy and physiology (9th ed.). Redwood City, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings. conditions/amenorrhea/basics/treatment/con http:// conditions/amenorrhea/basics/treatment/con cramps/basics/definition/con http:// cramps/basics/definition/con