Chapter 21, Section 3: Changing Attitudes and Values W. Europe’s upper class now included nobles marrying industrial rich Upper middle class included doctors, scientists, high level professionals Lower middle class included teachers & office workers Peasants, farmers, factory workers at the bottom

Strict codes of etiquette Children “seen and not heard” CULT of DOMESTICITY idealized women and the home IDEAL WOMAN: Tender, self-sacrificing Caregiver – provided “nest” for children Peaceful “refuge” for husband EXCEPT: working class women labored for low pay In factories As servants

Women Work for Rights Women wanted voice in marriage, divorce & property laws Women couldn’t vote, banned from schools, no protection from husband, could not control property Supported TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTS = campaign to limit use of alcoholic beverages Felt drinking threatened family life Caused problems in workforce

Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Susan B. Anthony Crusaded against slavery before organizing movements for women’s rights By late 1800s some women had become explorers, inventors, doctors, lawyers, etc.

Late 1800s women could control own property 1848 –In US, Seneca Falls Convention demanded Women’s Suffrage, women’s right to vote Sojourner Truth, an African American suffragist argued that women were not too emotional to be allowed to vote – they did not need to be “protected” from politics

New Zealand (1893), Australia (1902) and some western territories of US gave women the vote by early 1900s Europe and most of USA did not give women the vote until after WWI.

By late 1800s many industrialized societies set up schools for children Basic education 3 r’s: reading, writing, ‘rithmatic Obedience, punctuality, Disciplined work habits Patriotism

High Schools were created to teach “classical languages” – Greek and Latin, history & mathematics Colleges & Universities also expanded Language, philosophy, religion & law Sciences of chemistry & physics later added Engineering schools helped build new industrial society Some colleges were opened to women, but society was still against it

Early 1800s – English schoolteacher John Dalton developed modern ATOMIC THEORY All matter made up of tiny particles called atoms Each element had its own kind of atoms Earlier – people thought all atoms were alike Showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make chemical substances 1869 – Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev drew up the table of elements based on atomic weight

New science of Geology developed Charles Lyell offered evidence that Earth was formed over millions of years Successors concluded Earth was at least two billion years old Life did not appear until long after Earth was formed Ideas did not seem to agree with Bible and creation

1856 – fossilized Neanderthal bones found in Germany Other ancient human fossils were eventually found New ideas about human ancestors ??????

New Scientific and Social Ideas Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who studied the natural world In 1859 he published On the Origin of the Species – Argued that all forms of life, including humans, had evolved into their present state over millions of years To explain the long, slow process of EVOLUTION, he put forward his theory of Natural Selection His theory upset religious leaders – Charles Darwin believed that evolution did not challenge the existence of God

New Scientific and Social Ideas Natural Selection Natural selection is the idea that life forms are always struggling to survive and those who adapt best to their environment are most likely to survive long enough to reproduce – this belief is known as: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

Social Sciences People began using scientific methods in studying society Users of social science would further racist and sexist beliefs with “scientific” proof Herbert Spencer tried to apply Charles Darwin’s ideas to society = Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism - portrayed people and nation’s as struggling to survive They believed that white Europeans and others in the western world were “fitter” due to natural selection in this theory Therefore it was “alright” to control certain people like” unintelligent children” – as the British did in India & Africa Encouraging and furthering racism Social Darwinism led to the “so-called science” of EUGENICS

Eugenics = the belief and practice which aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population. These policies were mostly divided into two categories: positive eugenics, the increased reproduction of those seen to have advantageous hereditary traits; Positive eugenic policies have typically taken the form of awards or bonuses for "fit" parents who have another child. (example: Hitler’s Master Race of Aryan’s – blonde hair, blue eyes) and negative eugenics, the discouragement of reproduction by those with hereditary traits perceived as poor. policies such assegregation, sterilization and even genocide. Many of these policies were instituted in the US in the late 1890’s (supported by many, including Woodrow Wilson & Alexander Graham Bell – ending only after WWII and the Holocaust!)segregationsterilizationgenocide Nazi propaganda for their compulsory "euthanasia" program: "This person suffering from hereditary defects costs the community 60,000 Reichsmark during his lifetime. Fellow Germans, that is your money, too." "euthanasia" program

Despite all the new scientific ideas – religion was still a major force in Western society Social Gospel = a Protestant movement that urged Christians to social service Campaigned for reforms in housing, healthcare and education Catholic priests & Nuns set up schools & hospitals in slums Jewish organizations also helped the working poor.