New Type of Revolution  A new types of revolution referred to as the Industrial Revolution began to emerge, starting in England in the 1800’s.  Eventually the revolution would spread from England to Continental Europe and North America.

Beginning of Industrial Revolution  In 1700’s a majority of England was covered by farmland owned by wealthy landowners  Beginning in the 1700s landowners began to change and improve farming methods  These changes led to an agricultural revolution which paved the way for the industrial revolution

Agricultural Revolution  Wealthy landowners would buy land from village farmers to gain more acreage  In larger fields they would enclose small areas to experiment and find productive methods to boost crop production  There were two results of this enclosure movement: Landowners could experiment with agricultural methods – scientific farmers Large landowners forced small farmers to give up farming and move to cities

Urban Growth  Improvements in farming helped increase food supplies and living conditions  As a result England’s population increased demanding more food, space and goods  More farmers lost their land and farms to wealthy landowners and began to move into cities to become factory workers

Industrialization in England  Industrialization - the process of developing machine production of goods  Required natural resources to help with production: Iron ore- build machines, tools and buildings Water power and coal – fuel new machines Rivers – transportation Harbors – trading, merchant ships to sail

 England was a perfect spot for the industrialization because of the growing number of workers and the extensive natural resources such as coal and iron ore  Economy was expanding and more businessmen invested in the manufacture of new inventions  Banking and bank loans provided the ability to invest in new machinery and expand their operations  Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity and progress also increased the demand for goods  England had all of the factors of production: Resources Land Labor Wealth

Spinning Jenny  Textile industry was the first to be changed and reformed  In 1733, John Kay made a shuttle that worked on wheels and doubled the work a weaver could do in a day  In 1764, James Hargreaves recreated the spinning jenny allowing one spinner to work eight threads at one time  To make space for new bulky machines large buildings were built called factories  Factories needed water power so they were built near river and streams

Cotton Gin/ Impact on Slavery  Cotton used in England’s textile industry came from the American South  Process of removing seeds from cotton by hand was long and difficult work  In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin to help clean the cotton at a faster rate  American cotton production increased from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810

Influence?  Cotton gin increased the demand for slave labor in American plantations  Britain outlawed slave trade and then slavery itself.  The United States outlawed the importation of slaves but continued using slavery until after the civil war in many states.  Whitney also developed the idea of interchangeable parts

Steam Engine  Steam engine was developed for cheap convenient power  In 1765 James Watt helped make the steam engine more efficient while burning less fuel  Robert Fulton took this idea of a steam engine and used it to propel boats  In 1807, Fulton had his first successful steam boat trip down the Hudson River  This led to improved water transportation and the creation of canals

Railroads  Developments in the railroad system gave manufacturers a cheaper way to transport material  Liverpool-Manchester railway opened in 1830  By 1850 Britain had nearly 6,100 miles of railroad track  After 1820 the steam locomotive drove English industry  Created thousands of jobs  Boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries  Made travel easier and allowed people to work farther from home

Bessemer process  Englishmen Henry Bessemer  Speeds process of making steel.  Cleans dirt out of steel.  Clean steel is stronger.  Took weeks to make pounds before process.  Now an hour or so to make a ton(2,000 pounds).

Advancements in Science and Medicine  Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccination  Louis Pasteur discovered Bacteria He found that heat could destroy harmful bacteria Process of heating a liquid to kill the bacteria is called pasteurization

Urbanization  The growth of the factory system brought waves of people into cities and town to work  Between 1800 and 1850 European cities doubled in population  Urbanization – the movement of people to cities  Biggest factories developed in England near sources of energy  London was the most populated city - 1 million in 1800

Living Conditions  With growing population, areas lacked city planning, sanitary codes, and building codes, adequate housing, education and policeprotection  City streets had no drainage and garbage collected on the sides of the road  Workers lived in close, crowded quarters in dirty shelters  Due to the lack of hygiene and space, sickness spread rapidly  Cholera epidemics spread through many industrial cities  In 1842, average life span was 17 yrs. old for working class people living in cities compared to 38 yrs. for workers living in rural areas

Working Conditions  Factory owners wanted to make money and kept their machines running as long as possible  Average working day -14 hrs. long 6 days per week  Factories were poorly lit and maintained  Machines regularly injured workers and there was no government aid to provide workers compensation or aid  Most dangerous jobs were in coal mines due to constant breathing of coal dust

Child Labor  Children were forced to work under harsh conditions to provide for their families  Children as young as 6 joined their parents in factories  Worked from 6 AM to 8 PM, six days a week with little to no breaks  Used to fix smaller parts or hard to reach areas on machines because of their small hands  It was not until 1819 when the first Factory Act was passed by the British government  The act restricted working age and hours but children still did heavy dangerous work even years after the act was signed

Class Issues  Merchants, shippers, factory owners could afford to live outside the city limits and made up the middle class  Overtime a larger upper middle class grew which included government employees, doctors, lawyers, and managers of factories  Between 1800 and 1850 little improvement was seen for poor workers and their living and working conditions  Machines began to quickly replace jobs  In response workers called Luddites would smash the machines putting them out of work  Luddites destroyed entire factories in Northern England forming mobs and riots

Social Effects Industrial Revolution  Women and children entered the workplace as cheap labor.  Eventual introduction of reforms to end child labor.  Expansion of education.  Women’s increased demands for suffrage.  Women’s suffrage is the ability for women to vote in local, state and federal elections.

Rise of Labor Unions  A group of workers who join together to fight for better pay and working conditions.  Wanted worker rights and collective bargaining between labor and management.  What can labor unions do ? STRIKE PICKET BOYCOTT  Encouraged worker-organized strikes to increase wages and improve working  Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children.

Impact of the Industrial Revolution  Created jobs for workers  Contributed to wealth of nation  Promoted technological advancements  Increased the production of goods and raised the standard of living for most  Expanded educational opportunities due to the greater need for clerical and professional workers  Allowed workers to receive higher wages, shorter hours and better working conditions  Environmental pollution