Prologue

Observation Based on our interaction with the environment – Uses our five senses Example:

Instruments Extend the senses – Compare observations with a known standard Example: The hole is 2 meters deep The temperature is 25C

Inference A educated guess based upon your obsevations – Example

Prediction An inferences about the future It will rain Friday

Cyclic An event that occurs in a repeating pattern – Easy to predict Example: Phases of the moon

Non-cyclic An event that occurs randomly – Difficult to predict Ex: earthquake

Classification Grouping of objects based on observations Ex. Rock type

Prologue Pg. 3 The sample was transported by a glacier over 1 million years ago. The sample is rectangular, with sharp, angular corners.

Questions Page 4

Measurement Using instruments to quantify observations – Uses a number and a unit Time: Length: Mass: Volume:

Standard Unit International system of measurement – English and metric

Percent Deviation Determining the accuracy of data collected

Examples A person measures the length of a piece of wood to be 41 centimeters. If the actual length is 40 centimeters, what is the percent deviation from the actual length?

Examples A student’s measurement of the mass of a rock is 30 grams. If the accepted value for the mass of the rock is 33 grams, what is the percent deviation of the students measurement?

Practice Questions Pg 6.

Multiple Choice questions page 7

Line Graphs

Density of Matter Density: the amount of matter in a specific volume

Density Properties The same substance has the same density Density does not change if the material is broken

Density Examples Gold – Mass 162 grams – Volume 8.4 cm3

Density Examples Gold split in half – Mass 81g – Volume 4.2 cm3

Density Practice questions pg11

Changes in Density Two factors that effect density: – Temperature – Pressure

Temperature Warm air rises because it is less dense. Whats the relationship?

Phases of matter Most materials have their greatest density as a solid. The exception is water because water expands when it freezes

Phases of matter Water is at its greatest density at a temperature of 3.98C. The density of water is 1 g/ml. If an object floats on water, it is less dense than the water. If an object sinks in water, it is more dense than the water

Pressure When pressure is added, it causes the material to become smaller, volume decreases Whats the relationship?

Rate of change How fast something changes Graphs: – Allow you to see a relationship very quickly