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Presentation transcript:

In this lecture, we will learn: The definition of applied linguistics The major fields of applied linguistics

What is ‘applied linguistics’? Applied linguistics is a branch of linguistics where the primary concern is the application of the linguistic theories, methods and findings to the explanation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience.>> تعريف اللغويات التطبيقية هو علم يهتم بتطبيق النظريات والطرق والافتراضات اللغوية وذلك ليتم شرح وحل مشاكل اللغة التي تظهر في مجالات اللغة المختلفة

However, if we would like to talk about applied linguistics, we have to know that it is difficult to define; it has been considered a subarea of linguistics for several years. It has also been generally interpreted to mean the applications of linguistic principles or theories to certain more or less linguistic practical matters such as second language teaching, teaching of reading, composition and language arts, speech therapy, speech disorders etc. >> لازم قبل ما نعرّف اللغويات التطبيقية لازم نعرف انو تعريفها صعب لسببين رئيسين: السبب الاول انو كانت تعتبر فرع غير فعال وغير اساسي من اللغة لسنوات طويلة عشان كذا بيكون تعريفها صعب لانها علم جديد مازال البحث في جارياّ . وكمان السبب الثاني الي جعل تعريفها صعب انو معظم الناس ما كانوا يعترفوا بوجود هذا القسم من اللغويات, فكانوا يفسروا اللغويات التطبيقية على اساس انها جزء من تعلم اللغات الاجنبية او يعرّفوها على انها تعالج المشكلات في اللغة ولكن ما في حد اعتبرها علم مستقل بحد ذاته .

To put it differently, applied linguistics uses information from sociology, anthropology, and information theory as well as from linguistics in order to develop its own theoretical models of language and language use, and then uses this information and theory in practical areas such as syllabus design, speech therapy, language planning, literacy, and bilingualism. >> وكمان ممكن نعرّف الابلايد بشكل مفصّل انو هو العلم الي يستخدم المعلومات من علم الاجتماع والثقافة والنظريات اللغوية ويطبق هذي الافكار والنظريات بشكل علمي في مجالات متعددة مثل التصميم اللغوي , علاج النطق ومشاكله, تخطيط اللغة, وتعلم اللغات الثانية.

To define what applied linguistics is, we have to examine two terms: linguistics and language. As for linguistics, it is usually defined as “the scientific study of language”. In other words, it tries to study language from a scientific point of view with the aim of establishing language as a scientific phenomenon with its own distinctive rules, theories, description…etc. >> عشان نفهم علم الابلايد بشكل افضل لازم نعرف مصطلحين مهمين مرتبطين فيها . وهما ” علم اللغويات . و اللغة ” بالنسبة للغويات هي ” الدراسة العلمية للغة ” >> يعني انو ندرس اللغة بشكل علمي بحيث نعتبر اللغة هي الظاهرة ونحاول ندرس قواعدها ووصفها ونظرياتها . الخ ”

As for language, there are dozens of definitions of language, the easiest of which is “language is a set of signals by which people communicate”. This definition contains three important words: signals, people and communication. Signals mean that language employs signals (i.e. sound, letters, punctuation marks…) to establish communication between people. >>المصطلح الثاني الي هو اللغة تعريفها هو ” مجموعه من الاشارات يستخدمها البشر للتواصل فيما بينهم“ .. هذا التعريف يحتوي ثلاث نقط مهمة : اولا ” االاشارات“ وتشمل الرموز, الاصوات والاحرف وعلامات الترقيم .

The importance of the word people lies in the fact that linguists and scientists discovered that almost all beings have their distinctive language that might be clear as in the signal language used by bees, ants and dolphins. However, human language is different from these “primitive” languages in two aspects: it is always capable of change and development and it is very sophisticated. >> ثاني نقطة مهمة في التعريف الي هي ”البشر“ لانو لازم نعرف انو كل الكائنات على وجه الارض لها لغتها الخاص ولكن لغة البشر تفرق عنها بشيئين مهمين : اولا انو لغة البشر قابلة للتغير ثانيا لغة البشر متطورة بشكل اكبر

at is language ?>> عشان نفهم اللغة لازم نعرف انو اللغة الها خصائص وهي 9 خصائص كالتالي : However, it is important to point out that the different definitions of language imply the following facts: • Language is systematic – possibly a generative system.>> اللغة نظام متكامل وقادر على توليد كلمات جديدة • Language is a set of arbitrary symbols.>> اللغة عشوائية>> يعني الاسماء الي يطلقوها البشر على الاشياء من حولنا هي طريقة اعتباطية وعشوائية ومافي ارتباط بين المسمى والمعنى ولكن البشر يسمو بطريقة عشوائية • Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also be visual.>> هذه اللغة رموزها عادة صوتية , لكن ممكن ايضا ان تكون بصرية >>مثال عليها لغة الاشارة عند الصم والبكم . • The symbols have conventionalized meanings to which they refer.>> ليس هناك ارتباط بين الاسم والتسمية زي ما قلنا من قبل . على سبيل المثال يعني مثلا مافي سبب يخليني اطلق اسم قلم على القلم . لكن احنا انولدنا واتعلمنا انو هذا الشكل اسمه قلم . لكن مافي ارتباط بين الاسم والشكل بتاتا

• Language is used for communication • Language is used for communication.>>اللغة تستخدم للتواصل • Language operates in a speech community or culture. • Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans.>> اللغة مرتبطة بالبشر. لكن لازم ماننسى انو ليست محصورة على البشر لانو الكائنات الثانية الها لغاتها . لكن الي يفرق بيننا وبينهم هي الخصائص • Language is acquired by all people in much the same way – language>> اللغة يكتسبها جميع البشر بنفس الطريقة. على سبيل المثال واحنا اطفال كلنا نتعلم اللغة بنفس الطريقة وهي السماع والترديد and languages learning both have universal characteristics.>> اللغة وتعليم اللغة لهما نفس الخصائص

Some linguists tried to draw the bounds that separate applied and theoretical linguistics: Politzer (1972): He discussed applied linguistics with particular reference to Foreign Language Teaching. He noted that applied linguistics in Foreign Language Teaching requires the use of linguistics to formulate assumptions about Foreign Language Teaching and learning and also to devise teaching procedures based on these assumptions “linguistics is the source of assumptions rather than the source of conclusions”. >> العالم بوليتزر عرف الابلايد لينقويستك من وجهة نظر تعليم اللغات الاجنبية , وقال انو الابلايد انو تستخدمو الغويات النظرية وتطبقوها في عملية التعليم . يبقى اللغويات النظرية هي المصدر للنظريات . واللغويات التطبيقية هي المصدر للتطبيق واخراج الحلول لمشاكل اللغة .

Applied linguistics is not a finite body of knowledge that can be acquired, it is ultimately a habit, a way of using linguistics conceptualization to define and solve pedagogical problems.

So, for Politzer , then there is a definable area called “linguistics” and applied linguistics is simply the process of formulating possible solutions to specific (pedagogical) problems using linguistic theory.>>الابلايد بالنسبة لبوليتزر هو استخدام النظريات اللغوية في حل المشاكل التربوية الخاص بمجال تعلم اللغات الاجنبية .

Pap (1972): He discussed applied linguistics beyond language teaching and concludes that applied linguistics may in effect be considered a crossroads or an interdisciplinary area, or a combination of linguistics with psychology, pedagogy, mathematics, electronics, politics, science and so forth. Thus he stresses the interdisciplinary nature of applied linguistics.>> بالنسبة للعالم ”باب“ اعتبر ان الابلايد علم متداخل تتداخل فيه اللغويات مع علوم اخرى مثل علم النفس وعلم التربية والرياضيات والالكترونيات والسياسة والعلوم وغيرها .. وشدد على هذا الامر

Corder (1973): He, in reaction to the British usage of the term applied linguistics as synonymous with language teaching, points out that “while applied linguistics and language teaching may be closely associated, they are not one and the same activity”>> العالم ” كوردر“ وضح انه بما ان الاستخدام البريطاني لكلمة ابلايد لينقوستك يأتي مرادف لتعليم اللغة , الا انهما ليسا متشابهين بتاتا . رغم انهما مرتبطين ببعضهما نوعاً ما, لكنهما ليسا علما واحداً .

What are the fields of applied linguistics? First of all, we have to know that linguistics, in all its varieties, is a relatively new and growing discipline still in search of stable philosophical foundations and boundaries. A classical classification of linguistics divides linguistics into two major categories:>> هناك فرعين اساسين لعلم اللغويات وهما 1- Pure ‘theoretical’ linguistics>> لغويات نظرية 2- Applied linguistics>> لغويات عملية

The major fields of applied linguistics include the following:>> فروع اللغويات العملية او التطبيقية تشمل التالي : 1- The linguistic analysis of language disorders (clinical linguistics).>> اللغويات الطبية 2- The use of language in mother-tongue education (educational linguistics).>> اللغويات التعليمية 3- The developments in lexicography, translation and stylistics.>> استخدامها في الترجمة وصناعة القواميس 4- The teaching and learning of foreign languages.>> استخدامها في تعليم اللغات الاجنبية