COS 312 DAY 5 Tony Gauvin

Ch 1 -2 Agenda Questions? Assignment 2 Posted – Due Feb 22 prior to class – Any issues? Assignment 3 will be posted soon Capstones proposals Over Due – Can be a group project – Discussion? Finish Using Conditionals and Loops

Chapter 4 Conditionals and Loops

Chapter Scope Flow of control Boolean expressions if and switch statements Comparing data while, do, and for loops Iterators Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 4

Comparing Data When comparing data using boolean expressions, it's important to understand the nuances of certain data types Let's examine some key situations: – comparing floating point values for equality – comparing characters – comparing strings (alphabetical order) – comparing object vs. comparing object references Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 5

The switch Statement The switch statement provides another way to decide which statement to execute next The switch statement evaluates an expression, then attempts to match the result to one of several possible cases Each case contains a value and a list of statements The flow of control transfers to statement associated with the first case value that matches Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 6

The switch Statement The general syntax of a switch statement: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 7 switch ( expression ) { case value1 : statement-list1 case value2 : statement-list2 case value3 : statement-list3 case... } switch and case are reserved words If expression matches value2, control jumps to here

The switch Statement Often a break statement is used as the last statement in each case's statement list A break statement causes control to transfer to the end of the switch statement If a break statement is not used, the flow of control will continue into the next case Sometimes this may be appropriate, but often we want to execute only the statements associated with one case Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 8

The switch Statement An example of a switch statement: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 9 switch (option) { case 'A': aCount++; break; case 'B': bCount++; break; case 'C': cCount++; break; }

The switch Statement A switch statement can have an optional default case The default case has no associated value and simply uses the reserved word default If the default case is present, control will transfer to it if no other case value matches If there is no default case, and no other value matches, control falls through to the statement after the switch Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 10

The switch Statement The expression of a switch statement must result in an integral type, meaning an integer ( byte, short, int, long ) or a char It cannot be a boolean value or a floating point value ( float or double ) The implicit boolean condition in a switch statement is equality You cannot perform relational checks with a switch statement Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 11

//******************************************************************** // GradeReport.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a switch statement. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class GradeReport { // // Reads a grade from the user and prints comments accordingly. // public static void main(String[] args) { int grade, category; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a numeric grade (0 to 100): "); grade = scan.nextInt(); category = grade / 10; System.out.print("That grade is "); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 12

switch (category) { case 10: System.out.println("a perfect score. Well done."); break; case 9: System.out.println("well above average. Excellent."); break; case 8: System.out.println("above average. Nice job."); break; case 7: System.out.println("average."); break; case 6: System.out.print("below average. Please see the "); System.out.println("instructor for assistance."); break; default: System.out.println("not passing."); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase Code\Chap4\GradeReport.java

Loops Repetition statements allow us to execute a statement multiple times Often they are referred to as loops Like conditional statements, they are controlled by boolean expressions Java has three kinds of repetition statements: – the while loop – the do loop – the for loop The programmer should choose the right kind of loop for the situation Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 14

The while Loop A while loop has the following syntax If the condition is true, the statement is executed Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is still true, the statement is executed again The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition becomes false Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase while ( condition ) statement;

The while Loop The logic of a while loop: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 16

The while Loop Example: int count = 1; while (count <= 5) { System.out.println (count); count++; } If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the statement is never executed Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute zero or more times Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 17

The while Loop Let's look at some examples of loop processing A loop can be used to maintain a running sum – Sum must be updated in the statements section A sentinel value is a special input value that represents the end of input – Sentinel must be reassigned in statements sections Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 18

//******************************************************************** // Average.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a while loop, a sentinel value, and a // running sum. //******************************************************************** import java.text.DecimalFormat; import java.util.Scanner; public class Average { // // Computes the average of a set of values entered by the user. // The running sum is printed as the numbers are entered. // public static void main(String[] args) { int sum = 0, value, count = 0; double average; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter an integer (0 to quit): "); value = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 19

while (value != 0) // sentinel value of 0 to terminate loop { count++; sum += value; System.out.println("The sum so far is " + sum); System.out.print("Enter an integer (0 to quit): "); value = scan.nextInt(); } System.out.println(); if (count == 0) System.out.println("No values were entered."); else { average = (double)sum / count; DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###"); System.out.println("The average is " + fmt.format(average)); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase Code\Chap4\Average.java

The while Loop A loop can also be used for input validation, making a program more robust Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase There is an error in this code example. What is it?

//******************************************************************** // WinPercentage.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a while loop for input validation. //******************************************************************** import java.text.NumberFormat; import java.util.Scanner; public class WinPercentage { // // Computes the percentage of games won by a team. // public static void main(String[] args) { final int NUM_GAMES = 12; int won; double ratio; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter the number of games won (0 to " + NUM_GAMES + "): "); won = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 22

while (won NUM_GAMES) { System.out.print("Invalid input. Please reenter: "); won = scan.nextInt(); } ratio = (double)won / NUM_GAMES; NumberFormat fmt = NumberFormat.getPercentInstance(); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Winning percentage: " + fmt.format(ratio)); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase Code\Chap4\WinPercentage.java

Infinite Loops The body of a loop eventually must make the condition false If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will execute until the user interrupts the program This is a common logical error You should double check the logic of a program to ensure that your loops will terminate normally Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 24

Infinite Loops An example of an infinite loop: int count = 1; while (count <= 25) { System.out.println (count); count = count - 1; } This loop will continue executing until interrupted (Control-C) or until an underflow error occurs Code\Chap4\GotYa.java Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 25

Primitive Type Under and Over flows Primitive types are stored in predetermined sized memory spaces – Integer is 32 bits (4 bytes) MAX_INT = – First bit 0  positive – Add 1 to MAX_INT  MIN_INT = – First bit 1  negative – Subtract 1 from MIN_INT  – Paradox MAX_INT + 1 = MIN_INT MIN_INT -1 = MAX_INT – Code\Chap4\OverUnder.javaCode\Chap4\OverUnder.java Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase1 - 26

Nested Loops Similar to nested if statements, loops can be nested as well That is, the body of a loop can contain another loop For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop iterates completely Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 27

Nested Loops How many times will the output be printed? count1 = 1; while (count1 <= 10) { count2 = 1; while (count2 <= 50) { System.out.println ("Here again"); count2++; } count1++; } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 28

//******************************************************************** // PalindromeTester.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of nested while loops. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class PalindromeTester { // // Tests strings to see if they are palindromes. // public static void main(String[] args) { String str, another = "y"; int left, right; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); while (another.equalsIgnoreCase("y")) // allows y or Y { System.out.println("Enter a potential palindrome:"); str = scan.nextLine(); left = 0; right = str.length() - 1; Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 29

while (str.charAt(left) == str.charAt(right) && left < right) { left++; right--; } System.out.println(); if (left < right) System.out.println("That string is NOT a palindrome."); else System.out.println("That string IS a palindrome."); System.out.println(); System.out.print("Test another palindrome (y/n)? "); another = scan.nextLine(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase New & Improved version Code\Chap4\PalindromeTester.java

The do Loop The do loop has the following syntax: The statement is executed once initially, and then the condition is evaluated The statement is executed repeatedly until the condition becomes false Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase do { statement; } while ( condition )

The do Loop The logic of a do loop: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 32

The do Loop An example of a do loop: int count = 0; do { count++; System.out.println (count); } while (count < 5); The body of a do loop is executed at least once – While loop  zero or more times – Do loop  one or more times Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 33

//******************************************************************** // ReverseNumber.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a do loop. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class ReverseNumber { // // Reverses the digits of an integer mathematically. // public static void main(String[] args) { int number, lastDigit, reverse = 0; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a positive integer: "); number = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 34

do { lastDigit = number % 10; reverse = (reverse * 10) + lastDigit; number = number / 10; } while (number > 0); System.out.println("That number reversed is " + reverse); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase Code\Chap4\ReverseNumber.java

Comparing while and do Loops Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 36

The for Loop The for loop has the following syntax: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase for ( initialization ; condition ; increment ) { statement; } The initialization is executed once before the loop begins The statement is executed until the condition becomes false The increment portion is executed at the end of each iteration

The for Loop The logic of a for loop: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 38

The for Loop A for loop is functionally equivalent to the following while loop structure: Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase initialization; while ( condition ) { statement; increment; }

The for Loop An example of a for loop: for (int count=1; count <= 5; count++) System.out.println (count); The initialization section can be used to declare a variable Like a while loop, the condition of a for loop is tested prior to executing the loop body Therefore, the body of a for loop will execute zero or more times Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 40

The for Loop The increment section can perform any calculation include decrement for (int num=100; num > 0; num -= 5) System.out.println (num); A for loop is well suited for executing statements a specific number of times that can be calculated or determined in advance Danger --- the increment section must move towards the stop condition. Infinite for loops are possible (and common) Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 41

//******************************************************************** // Multiples.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of a for loop. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; public class Multiples { // // Prints multiples of a user-specified number up to a user- // specified limit. // public static void main(String[] args) { final int PER_LINE = 5; int value, limit, mult, count = 0; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.print("Enter a positive value: "); value = scan.nextInt(); System.out.print("Enter an upper limit: "); limit = scan.nextInt(); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 42

System.out.println(); System.out.println("The multiples of " + value + " between " + value + " and " + limit + " (inclusive) are:"); for (mult = value; mult <= limit; mult += value) { System.out.print(mult + "\t"); // Print a specific number of values per line of output count++; if (count % PER_LINE == 0) System.out.println(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase Code\Chap4\Multiples.java

//******************************************************************** // Stars.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of nested for loops. //******************************************************************** public class Stars { // // Prints a triangle shape using asterisk (star) characters. // public static void main(String[] args) { final int MAX_ROWS = 10; for (int row = 1; row <= MAX_ROWS; row++) { for (int star = 1; star <= row; star++) System.out.print("*"); System.out.println(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase Code\Chap4\Stars.java

The for Loop Each expression in the header of a for loop is optional If the initialization is left out, no initialization is performed If the condition is left out, it is always considered to be true, and therefore creates an infinite loop If the increment is left out, no increment operation is performed for (;;) { } will compile and run Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 45

Iterators An iterator is an object that allows you to process a collection of items one at a time It lets you step through each item in turn and process it as needed An iterator object has a hasNext method that returns true if there is at least one more item to process The next method returns the next item Iterator objects are defined using the Iterator interface, which is discussed further in Chapter 9 Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 46

Iterators Some classes in the Java API are iterators The Scanner class is an iterator – the hasNext method returns true if there is more data to be scanned – the next method returns the next scanned token as a string The Scanner class also has variations on the hasNext method for specific data types (such as hasNextInt ) /Scanner.html /Scanner.html Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 47

Iterators The fact that a Scanner is an iterator is particularly helpful when reading input from a file Suppose we wanted to read and process a list of URLs stored in a file One scanner can be set up to read each line of the input until the end of the file is encountered Another scanner can be set up for each URL to process each part of the path Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 48

//******************************************************************** // URLDissector.java Java Foundations // // Demonstrates the use of Scanner to read file input and parse it // using alternative delimiters. //******************************************************************** import java.util.Scanner; import java.io.*; public class URLDissector { // // Reads urls from a file and prints their path components. // public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { String url; Scanner fileScan, urlScan; fileScan = new Scanner(new File("websites.inp")); // Read and process each line of the file while (fileScan.hasNext()) { url = fileScan.nextLine(); System.out.println("URL: " + url); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 49

urlScan = new Scanner(url); urlScan.useDelimiter("/"); // Print each part of the url while (urlScan.hasNext()) System.out.println(" " + urlScan.next()); System.out.println(); } Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase Code\Chap4\URLDissector.java

Iterators and for Loops A variant of the for loop simplifies the repetitive processing for any object that implements the Iterable interface An Iterable interface provides an iterator For example, if BookList is an Iterable object that manages Book objects, the following loop will print each book: for (Book myBook : BookList) System.out.println (myBook); Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 51

The for-each Loop This style of for loop can be read "for each Book in BookList, …" This version is sometimes referred to as the for-each loop It eliminates the need to call the hasNext and next methods explicitly It also will be helpful when processing arrays, which are discussed in Chapter 7 Code\Chap4\Deal.java Java Foundations, 3rd Edition, Lewis/DePasquale/Chase4 - 52