Modern Correctional Philosophy

Performance Objectives Refer to POST performance objectives Refer to POST performance objectives

History Ancient societies Ancient societies Revenge Revenge Revenge still used today Revenge still used today _________________ _________________ Drive-by Shootings Mafia Assassinations

Responses to Crimes Retribution Retribution Deterrence Deterrence Confinement Confinement Deportation Deportation Sentencing Sentencing

Colonial America Corporal Punishment Public flogging Public flogging Branding Branding Dunking Dunking Placement in stocks Placement in stocks Keel hauling Keel hauling Walk the plank Walk the plank

First Long-Term Confinement 1790 in Philadelphia Walnut Street Jail Walnut Street Jail Quakers convinced legislature to set aside one wing of jail for long-term confinement Quakers convinced legislature to set aside one wing of jail for long-term confinement First attempt at reforming First attempt at reforming Inmate lived alone Inmate lived alone Ate alone Ate alone Worked alone Worked alone Solitary confinement Solitary confinement To think about offenses and become penitent To think about offenses and become penitent

Auburn Prison New York 1816 Confinement to punish was first adopted Confinement to punish was first adopted Discipline was enforced by whipping Discipline was enforced by whipping Prisoners were not allowed to talk Prisoners were not allowed to talk Silence used to control prisoners Silence used to control prisoners Ate and worked together in silence Ate and worked together in silence

Jails and Prisons were separated Jails to hold persons not yet convicted and some minor sentences Jails to hold persons not yet convicted and some minor sentences Prisons housed convicted felons Prisons housed convicted felons Person sentenced to prison for punishment Person sentenced to prison for punishment Conditions were harsh Conditions were harsh

1864 Taxpayers reluctant to spend money to house and feed inmates Taxpayers reluctant to spend money to house and feed inmates Hire out inmates to private companies Hire out inmates to private companies Some companies built factories on prison grounds and paid inmates a state fee Some companies built factories on prison grounds and paid inmates a state fee Inmates were leased to private contractors Inmates were leased to private contractors Work amounted to slavery Work amounted to slavery Work and living conditions causes thousands of deaths Work and living conditions causes thousands of deaths Many inmates escaped Many inmates escaped

1870 National Prison Association (now __________________________) was founded National Prison Association (now __________________________) was founded Adopted the principle of reformation Adopted the principle of reformation Prison reform Prison reform Community treatment programs started Community treatment programs started Ultimate goal return inmates to society as better citizens Ultimate goal return inmates to society as better citizens American Correctional Association

Philosophy for Today Classification system Classification system Specialized facilities for classified groups Specialized facilities for classified groups Education/vocational training Education/vocational training Religious guidance Religious guidance Prisoner counseling Prisoner counseling Prisoner pay for their work Prisoner pay for their work Individual cells Individual cells Community treatment program Community treatment program Probation and Parole Probation and Parole

Components of the Criminal Justice System Law Enforcement Agencies Law Enforcement Agencies Jails Jails Courts Courts Corrections Corrections Probation and Parole Probation and Parole

Direct v Indirect Supervision Direct Supervision – Jail / Prison Direct Supervision – Jail / Prison Constant supervision by custody staff Constant supervision by custody staff Indirect Supervision – Probation / Parole Indirect Supervision – Probation / Parole Must check in and meet requirements but not under constant supervision. Must check in and meet requirements but not under constant supervision.

Law Enforcement Agencies Operate at: Operate at: Federal Federal State State County County City City Responsible for: Responsible for: Prevention of crime Prevention of crime Investigation of crime Investigation of crime Apprehension of criminals Apprehension of criminals

Jails / Detention Facilities Usually operated by Local Law Enforcement Usually operated by Local Law Enforcement House Misdemeanors & Gross Misdemeanors House Misdemeanors & Gross Misdemeanors House Accused Awaiting Trial House Accused Awaiting Trial Direct Supervision Direct Supervision

Courts Determine guilt or innocence Determine guilt or innocence Oversee components of the criminal justice system Oversee components of the criminal justice system Jails Jails Prisons Prisons To ensure confinement practices are lawful To ensure confinement practices are lawful

Corrections Direct Supervision Direct Supervision Long Term Confinement Long Term Confinement Rehabilitation Rehabilitation House Convicted Felons House Convicted Felons House County Safe Keepers House County Safe Keepers -Uncontrollable Jail Inmates

Parole & Probation Indirect Supervision Indirect Supervision Parole Parole To supervise, for a specific amount of time, persons who have been released from serving time in a state facility To supervise, for a specific amount of time, persons who have been released from serving time in a state facility Probation Probation To supervise persons who have been released into the community (under certain conditions) who have been found guilty of a crime To supervise persons who have been released into the community (under certain conditions) who have been found guilty of a crime

Types of Correctional Facilities and their Roles: Jails Jails Prisons Prisons Community-Based Facilities Community-Based Facilities

Correctional Agencies Goals _________ - Punishment for its own sake (to pay back society) _________ - Punishment for its own sake (to pay back society) __________ - to deter an individual from committing future crimes __________ - to deter an individual from committing future crimes ___________ - “house” people to prevent offenders from committing more crimes. Take away their freedom. ___________ - “house” people to prevent offenders from committing more crimes. Take away their freedom. ____________ - correct, challenge behavior, emphasis on reforming ____________ - correct, challenge behavior, emphasis on reforming Retribution Deterrence Incarceration Rehabilitation

Sentencing Concurrent vs. Consecutive Sentences Concurrent vs. Consecutive Sentences Concurrent – ____________________ Concurrent – ____________________________________________________ Consecutive – ____________________ Consecutive – __________________________________________________________ Sentences runs together or at the same time as another sentence Sentences runs together or at the same time as another sentence Second sentence does not start until the first is complete Second sentence does not start until the first is complete

_____________ – ten to fifteen in a state prison. _____________ – ten to fifteen in a state prison. _____________ – one year at a drug rehabilitation hospital. _____________ – one year at a drug rehabilitation hospital. Indeterminate Determinate

Prison State/federally Operated State/federally Operated Usually house inmate with over 1 year sentence Usually house inmate with over 1 year sentence Prisons are usually predominately one custody level Prisons are usually predominately one custody level Minimum Minimum Medium Medium Maximum Maximum

Custody Level 1. ________________ Inmate is given much freedom Inmate is given much freedom No guard towers No guard towers Minimum supervision Minimum supervision One year or less on sentence One year or less on sentence No sex crime, no violent crime No sex crime, no violent crime Almost write-up free Almost write-up free Minimum Security

Custody Level 2. _______________  Two fences with razor wire  Guard towers  Inmates have yard access  Have more supervision (counts, lockup) Medium Security

Custody Level 3. ________________  Very little free movement  Watched almost 24 hours a day  Can only go outside the prison under armed escort  2 fences and a lot of razor wire  Towers and armed posts all over  Life sentence, more than 20 years Maximum Security

In Addition __________________ __________________ _____________________ _____________________ Restitution Center Transitional Housing

Community Based Facilities Half-Way House Half-Way House Drug Rehabilitation Drug Rehabilitation Usually Non-violent Crimes Usually Non-violent Crimes

Alternatives to Prison Nevada uses 6 alternatives Nevada uses 6 alternatives 1. ___________ (military style discipline/control) 2. ____________ 3. ___________________ 4. ____________ 5. ___________________ 6. ___________________ Boot Camps Probation House Arrest (Ankle Bracelet) Work Release Community Service Interim Inmates