Bones and Muscles Lecture 7b MACC Biology 101 Bill Palmer

Skeletal System Structures (Anatomy) Bone Cartilage Ligaments Tendons Function (Physiology) Strengthens Protects stores minerals (Calcium, phosphate)

Cartilage/Ligaments/Tendons Cartilage Connective tissue Padding in joints Also forms larynx (voice box), trachea, nose and ears Ligaments Tissues that join bone to bone Tendons Tissues that join bone to muscle

BONE Bone Connective tissue Provides support Site of blood cell production

Features of a bone 1. Diaphysis = central shaft 2. Epiphyses =expanded ends 3. Marrow Cavity Red marrow –blood-forming Yellow marrow –Fat storage BONE

Microscopic Features of Bone Osteoblasts Form new bone Osteocytes Provide structure Osteoclasts Break down old bone

Human Skeleton Axial skeleton 80 bones=skull, vertebral column, rib cage Appendicular skeleton 126 bones=arms, legs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

Types of Breaks There are five different types of fracture: 1. Transverse: Straight across bone 2. Oblique: Diagonal break across bone 3. Spiral: Around the bone 4. Comminuted: Bone is shattered 5. Greenstick: Bone breaks like a stick

Types of Breaks

Types of Breaks (Transverse)

Types of Breaks (Oblique)

Types of Breaks (Spiral)

Types of Breaks (Comminuted)

Types of Breaks (Greenstick)

What type of break is this?

Joints Immovable joints Sutures=skull joints Movable joints Ball-and-socket joints Hip Hinge joints Elbow Saddle joint Base of thumb

Joints=Immovable joints

Joints=Ball and Socket

Joints=Hinge

Joints=Saddle

Osteoporosis Disease in which bones become fragile and more likely to break Symptoms none

Prevention=Ca years old 800 mg years old1300 mg years old 1000 mg 51 years and older 1200 mg

Osteoporosis Detection Bone density test Treatment Calcium and vitamin D Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Muscle System Structures 700 Skeletal muscles Five Functions: 1. Posture 2. Balance 3. Support 4. Generates heat 5. Movement

Muscle System Every Muscle has: An Origin Fixed part An Insertion Moving part An Action What it does

Muscle Muscle facile Muscle fiber Myofibril  Actin and Myocin

Wrap-up 1.What are the structures/functions of the skeletal system? 2.Where are the structures of the skeletal system found? 3.What are the functions of bone? 4.What are the components of bone? 5.What are the components of the marrow cavity? Functions? 6.What are the microscopic features of the bone? Functions?

Wrap-up 7.What is the axial skeleton? Structures? 8.What is the appendicular skeleton? 9.Label the skeleton diagram. 10.What are the four types of joints? 11.What is Osteoporosis? Prevention? Detection? Treatment? 12. What are the 5 types of joints? Examples? 13. What are the structures of the muscle system? 14. What are the origin, insertion, and action of a muscle? 15. What are the components of muscle?