Perceptual Processes External World “network” is activated Perceptions of World Exposure to aggressive stimuli Priming “aggressive network” See others as aggressive

Questionnaire

To score: Each question multiply The “concern” answer The reverse of the “expect” answer 1=6 2=5 3=4 4=3 5=2 6=1 Thus, high scores = you are concerned and don’t expect something to happen

Rejection Sensitivity Why are some people always jealous? How they see the world!

Rejection Sensitivity For some people cues about rejection are more “accessible” than for others They are “primed” for rejection cues –Face –Small disagreement –Accidents Can be a self-fulfilling prophecy

Perceptual Processes External World “network” is activated Perceptions of World Exposure to jealous stimuli Priming “jealous network” See others as cheaters

Group Activity

What do you do at McDonalds?

What do you do on a first date?

What do you do on the first day of class?

How do you know? Schema –Organizes knowledge –“Script” “Who are you?” Self Schema –The cognitive structure that is made up of ideas about the self.

Group Activity Who are you? –Nice, extraverted, etc.? Why do you think this? Memories of past occasions? What if you lost your memory? How would you perceive your personality?

Case Study W.J. Female college student Head injury caused her to lose all memories of her past behavior

Case Study When asked to report her personality –Agreed with Friends reports Parents reports She could even describe how her personality had changed since the accident Conclusion: Your self knowledge exists independently of your behavioral memories!

Measuring Self-Schema _____1. I regularly tells jokes and funny stories when in a group. _____2. People usually laugh when I tell a joke or story. _____3. I have a good memory for jokes or funny stories. _____4. I can be funny without having to rehearse a joke. _____5. Being funny is a natural communication style for me. _____6. I can tell a joke well. _____7. People always ask me to tell stories. _____8. Friends would say that I am a funny person. _____9. People pay close attention when I tell a joke. _____10. Even unfunny jokes seem entertaining when I tell them. _____11. I can easily remember jokes and stories. _____12. I always tell jokes and stories when asked to. _____13. I can tell stories and jokes very well. _____14. Of all the people I know, I am the funniest. _____15. I use humor to communicate in a variety of situations.

Measuring Self-Schema Humor Schema High scores = schematic on this dimension Low scores = aschematic on this dimension Results Schematic individuals –Tend to behave in a humor manor / tell jokes better –Judge others in terms of humor

Self-Schema Schematic individuals are “experts” on the dimension Experts (in any area) tend to –Remember relevant information about domain –See world in terms of the domain –Can automatically respond to issues related to the domain

Schema Three types of schemas “Actual” self –How you see yourself

Schema Three types of schemas “Ideal” self –What is your “best” self Represents the state where all the rewards you could get are attained

Schema Three types of schemas “Ought” self –What self should you be Represents the state where no punishments or other bad events will occur

Ideal SelfOught SelfActual Self Rarely are either “ideal self” or “ought self” The further you are from the ideal self Depression! The further you are from the ought self Anxiety! Depression caused by disappointment Anxiety caused by fear

More selves How many “actual” selves do you have? The actual self you have in working memory depends on –Who you are with –What you are doing

Working Self-Concept What is your self like when you are.... With romantic partner With your family At school At work

Working Self-Concept Problem! Romantic Dependable Angry Hard Worker No “true” self / No identity

Working Self-Concept What “self” determines which “self” to use?

Problem What “self” determines which “self” to use?

Working Self-Concept Problem! Where does it stop? Self as studentSelf as psychology student Self as personality psychology student Self as personality psychology student in lecture Self as personality psychology student studying Self as personality psychology student taking test

Working Self-Concept Problem! People tend to behave the same across situations!

Schema vs. Traits Two names for the same underlying construct Schema researchers vs. Trait researchers

Remember

Schemas Can be thought of as a strategy Sequence of activities to attain a goal

Questionnaire 1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best. 2. It’s easy for me to relax. 3. If something can go wrong for me, it will. 4. I always look on the bright side of things. 5. I’m always optimistic about my future. 6. I enjoy my friends a lot. 7. It’s important for me to keep busy. 8. I hardly ever expect things to go my way. 9. Things never work out the way I want them to. 10. I don’t get upset too easily. 11. I’m a believer in the idea that “every cloud has a silver lining”. 12. I rarely count on good happening to me.

Strategies Broad Strategies Exist across situations (like traits!) –“Characteristic adaptations” Optimistic strategy –Always assume the best will happen Pessimistic strategy –Assume that the worst is likely to happen

Strategies Optimistic strategy vs. Pessimistic strategy How do you deal with a stressful test?

Strategies Optimistic strategy Expect to do the best Pessimistic strategy Expect the worst (then be happy when it doesn’t happen) –“Defensive pessimists” Both work just as well! –Different patch to reach the same goal

Goals

Questionnaire Think about goals that are currently important to you and the specific things you will do to attain these goals. Write down 10 of your goals.

Goals Goals influence..... what you attend to what you think about what you do Idiographic –Goals that are unique to an individual “Get a date with Bob” Nomothetic –Goals that are common in almost everyone “Be loved by others”

Goals Hierarchal Experience love Find romantic partner Go to a partyBuy nice clothes Take a shower Get a job Call friends Markey, 2002 Long-Term Nomothetic Short-Term Idiographic Want a balance focused on goal types

Goals Are there “basic” nomothetic goals? Much research in this area is trying to reduce idographic goals into broader nomothetic goals –Like the Big-Five did with traits!

Video

Goals 1) Provide a “plan of action” 2) Motivate our behavior 3) Focus our attention What we attend to What we think about –This can be good or bad! Flexibility and balance are key!

Putting it all together

Judgment and Development goals Judgment Goals –Goals that seek to judge or validate an attribute in oneself e.g., “Make others know that I am the smartest one in the class” Development Goals –Goals that attempt to improve once e.g., “Become the smartest person in the class”

Judgment and Development goals Help determine how a person will react to failure F

Judgment and Development goals Judgment Goals “Helpless pattern” pattern –Will not try harder….just conclude “I can’t do it” Development Goals “Mastery-oriented” pattern –Tries harder next time

Judgment and Development goals What caused these different goals to be set? A stable characteristic (i.e., a trait)

Questionnaire You have a certain amount of intelligence and you really can’t do much to change it Your intelligence is something about you that you can’t change very much You can learn new things but you can’t really change your basic intelligence

Entity and Incremental Theories Entity Theory –Personal qualities are fixed an unchangeable e.g., IQ, happiness, etc. Incremental Theories –Personal qualities can change over time and with experience e.g., IQ, happiness, etc.

Putting it together Entity theory Incremental theory Developmental Goals Judgment Goals Mastery- Oriented Pattern Helpless Pattern Failure

Questionnaire

Personality Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself, which are exhibited in a wide range of important social and personal contexts

Personality Disorder Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of important social and personal contexts, and are inflexible and maladaptive, and cause either significant functional impairment or subjective distress

Characteristics of PD 1) Unusually extreme 2) Problematic –The person or others

Characteristics of PD 3) Social –Manifest during interactions with others 4) Stable –Typically become visible during adolescence and persist throughout life 5) Ego-Syntonic –Person with PD doesn’t think anything is wrong

Types of Personality Disorders A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety B) Disorders in relating with others C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with reality All disorders have some of these characteristics

10 Personality Disorders Dependent Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Paranoid Personality Disorder Histrionic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Schizoid Personality Disorder Schizotypal Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder

Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety Dependent Personality Disorder Avoidant Personality Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Score 16 = T 35 = T 45 = T 47 = T 56 = T 73 = T

Dependent Personality Disorder A pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of Fear of separation Easily hurt by criticism Let others make important decisions for them and often jump from relationship to relationship They often remain in abusive, exploitative relationships Can only function within a relationship

Score 18 = T 40 = T 47 = T 48 = T 57 = F 69 = T 80 = F

Avoidant Personality Disorder A pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation

Avoidant personality disorder is characterized by pervasive and extreme social anxiety People with this disorder often feel inadequate, avoid social situations, They are fearful of being rejected and worry about embarrassing themselves in front of others They exaggerate the potential difficulties of new situations to rationalize avoiding them They yearn for social relations yet feel they are unable to obtain them (are unworthy of them) Avoidant Personality Disorder