East Asia—Japan 1920s & 1930s

Japan Commodore Perry is credited with opening Japan to the outside world Commodore Perry is credited with opening Japan to the outside world Japanese had tradition of borrowing from China, so began borrowing from the west Japanese had tradition of borrowing from China, so began borrowing from the west People were carefully selected to go overseas to study; westerners were brought to China People were carefully selected to go overseas to study; westerners were brought to China

Japan began to industrialize… textiles… silks & cotton Japan began to industrialize… textiles… silks & cotton Established the yen (means round object) in 1871, modern banking, land tax Established the yen (means round object) in 1871, modern banking, land tax British—navy British—navy Germany—army & medicine Germany—army & medicine French—army French—army USA—finance USA—finance Modern education system to create literate working & military force Modern education system to create literate working & military force By 1900, prestige determined by education By 1900, prestige determined by education

Goals of Modern Japan End extraterritoriality & tariff limitations End extraterritoriality & tariff limitations Military & economic security Military & economic security Gain respect of the west Gain respect of the west Meiji Emperor Meiji Emperor Adopted constitutional government with British parliamentary system and German conservatism Adopted constitutional government with British parliamentary system and German conservatism

Selected Timeline 1874—Taiwan/Formosa 1874—Taiwan/Formosa 1879—Okinawa/Ryukyu Islands 1879—Okinawa/Ryukyu Islands 1894—Sino-Japanese War—rivalry over Korea 1894—Sino-Japanese War—rivalry over Korea 1895—gained unequal treaty privilege Western nations had in China 1895—gained unequal treaty privilege Western nations had in China 1899—British gave up extraterritoriality 1899—British gave up extraterritoriality

1902—Anglo-Japanese Alliance… alliance against France & Russia; if either Japan or Britain was at war with one country, the other would remain neutral. If either Japan or Britain was at war against two or more powers, the other would help 1902—Anglo-Japanese Alliance… alliance against France & Russia; if either Japan or Britain was at war with one country, the other would remain neutral. If either Japan or Britain was at war against two or more powers, the other would help Alliance gave Japan responsibility for the Far East Pacific Ocean Alliance gave Japan responsibility for the Far East Pacific Ocean 1904—Russo-Japanese War 1904—Russo-Japanese War 1910—Japan annexed Korea 1910—Japan annexed Korea Japan-Korea. Teamwork & Unity. Champions of the World Japan-Korea. Teamwork & Unity. Champions of the World

By 1911 other countries ended their unequal treaties By 1911 other countries ended their unequal treaties 1914—declared war on both Germany (see Anglo-Japanese Alliance) and Austria-Hungary 1914—declared war on both Germany (see Anglo-Japanese Alliance) and Austria-Hungary Took Germany’s territories in the Pacific, including Shandong Province in China Took Germany’s territories in the Pacific, including Shandong Province in China

Twenty-one Demands (1915) List secretly given to China while the western nations were occupied fighting WW I List secretly given to China while the western nations were occupied fighting WW I Coupled by Japanese invasion of German sphere of influence in China… Shandong Province Coupled by Japanese invasion of German sphere of influence in China… Shandong Province

Twenty-one Demands (1915) Japan demanded (a) China quit leasing territory to other foreign countries (b) Demanded control in Manchuria & Shandong Provinces (c) China accept Japanese “advisors” to help run its government Japan demanded (a) China quit leasing territory to other foreign countries (b) Demanded control in Manchuria & Shandong Provinces (c) China accept Japanese “advisors” to help run its government

Response to 21 Demands China signed… had no choice because Japan threatened to go to war with China China signed… had no choice because Japan threatened to go to war with China Britain & US got Japan to remove the requirement for Japanese advisors to help run the Chinese government; part of US distrust of Japan Britain & US got Japan to remove the requirement for Japanese advisors to help run the Chinese government; part of US distrust of Japan Versailles Treaty… Japan given the German concession in Shandong Province Versailles Treaty… Japan given the German concession in Shandong Province

Response to 21 Demands Washington Naval Conference… Japan agreed to withdraw from Shandong Province and recognize Chinese sovereignty Washington Naval Conference… Japan agreed to withdraw from Shandong Province and recognize Chinese sovereignty

After WW I 1919—Paris Peace Conference Founding member of League of Nations Permanent member of the Council Recognized as a “great power” 1919—Paris Peace Conference Founding member of League of Nations Permanent member of the Council Recognized as a “great power” 1 st Council Session 1 st Council Session LofN Covenant—clause for racial equality rejected LofN Covenant—clause for racial equality rejected

After WW I 1921—end of Anglo-Japanese Alliance Great Britain pressured by US not to renew Politicians in Japan who wanted to use negotiation to solve diplomatic problems were weakened 1921—end of Anglo-Japanese Alliance Great Britain pressured by US not to renew Politicians in Japan who wanted to use negotiation to solve diplomatic problems were weakened Japanese Communist Party (JCP) founded 1922 Japanese Communist Party (JCP) founded 1922 Goals… end feudalism abolish the monarchy recognize the Soviet Union withdraw Japanese troops from Siberia, Korea, China, Sakhalin Island, Taiwan Goals… end feudalism abolish the monarchy recognize the Soviet Union withdraw Japanese troops from Siberia, Korea, China, Sakhalin Island, Taiwan

After WW I —reduced military budget 42% four divisions cut from the Army —reduced military budget 42% four divisions cut from the Army —Washington Naval Conference —Washington Naval Conference 1930—London Naval Conference revised ratio to 10:10:7 continued limitations; added submarines 1937 began construction of Yamato class battleships 1930—London Naval Conference revised ratio to 10:10:7 continued limitations; added submarines 1937 began construction of Yamato class battleships

After WW I USSR seen as an enemy… Japan’s government was very anti-communist USSR seen as an enemy… Japan’s government was very anti-communist 1922—Japanese troops withdrew from Siberia (US and other troops had withdrawn in 1920) 1922—Japanese troops withdrew from Siberia (US and other troops had withdrawn in 1920) USA & Great Britain seen as unreliable and untrustworthy because of unequal treatment (not renewing Anglo-Japanese Alliance; naval ship ratios) USA & Great Britain seen as unreliable and untrustworthy because of unequal treatment (not renewing Anglo-Japanese Alliance; naval ship ratios) 1928 Japan signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which denounced the use of war 1928 Japan signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which denounced the use of war

Peace Preservation Laws Peace Preservation Law 1925 specifically targeted socialism, communism & anarchism Peace Preservation Law 1925 specifically targeted socialism, communism & anarchism The government could outlaw any type of dissent The government could outlaw any type of dissent A “Thought Police” section was formed to monitor people within Japan and those overseas A “Thought Police” section was formed to monitor people within Japan and those overseas Peace Preservation Law 1928… banned political parties infiltrated by the JCP Peace Preservation Law 1928… banned political parties infiltrated by the JCP

Kwantung Army Formed in1919; garrisoned in Manchuria Formed in1919; garrisoned in Manchuria Guarded South Manchurian Railway Guarded South Manchurian Railway 1931 Mukden Incident—army took control over all of Manchuria Mukden Incident—army took control over all of Manchuria Japan set up puppet kingdom of Manchukuo with Pu-yi as emperor 1932 Japan set up puppet kingdom of Manchukuo with Pu-yi as emperor “With the cooperation of Japan, China & Manchukuo, the world can be in peace.” “With the cooperation of Japan, China & Manchukuo, the world can be in peace.”

Kwantung Army Commander of the Kwantung Army was also Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo Commander of the Kwantung Army was also Japanese ambassador to Manchukuo 1930s Kwantung Army became wealthy (and independent of the government in Tokyo) with the help of Nissan zaibatsu 1930s Kwantung Army became wealthy (and independent of the government in Tokyo) with the help of Nissan zaibatsu 1939 there were 900,000 Japanese civilians 1939 there were 900,000 Japanese civilians Japanese investment included iron & coal mines, timber and opium Japanese investment included iron & coal mines, timber and opium Japanese Film about Manchuria Japanese Film about Manchuria

Question #1 During the Meiji Restoration, Japan borrowed and learned from other countries. Name two countries and what Japan learned from each. During the Meiji Restoration, Japan borrowed and learned from other countries. Name two countries and what Japan learned from each.

Question #2 Name two places/areas where Japan began building a colonial empire and establishing their control. Name two places/areas where Japan began building a colonial empire and establishing their control.

Question #3 What was Japan trying to do to China in the Twenty-one Demands? What was Japan trying to do to China in the Twenty-one Demands?

Question #4 What was the purpose of the Peace Preservation Laws? How was the purpose achieved? What was the purpose of the Peace Preservation Laws? How was the purpose achieved?

Question #5 According to the Japanese film on Manchuria (on You Tube), what advantages did Japan bring to Manchuria? According to the Japanese film on Manchuria (on You Tube), what advantages did Japan bring to Manchuria? What is the value of the film? What is the value of the film? What is the limitation of the film? What is the limitation of the film?

SourcesPictures English: Created by the US Military Academy (West Point); retrieved from war%20index.htm English: Created by the US Military Academy (West Point); retrieved from war%20index.htm war%20index.htm war%20index.htm x506/japanese%2520imperialism.jpg x506/japanese%2520imperialism.jpg x506/japanese%2520imperialism.jpg x506/japanese%2520imperialism.jpg opt== opt== opt optText China: A New History by John K Fairbank. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press China: A New History by John K Fairbank. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press