Climate and Weather Suzana J. Camargo. Weather.

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Presentation transcript:

Climate and Weather Suzana J. Camargo

Weather

Climate - Temperature

Seasons

Climate - Precipitation

What happened in December 2004?

Temperatures – December 2004

IRI Forecast for MJJ 2005

Why forecasts? Water Management Health Agriculture Populations Fisheries Economy

How do we measure temperature and precipitation? Surface Data – over land: station data – temperature, pressure, humidity, cloud cover, rate of precipitation… 60 stations in stations inn 2005

Balloons Rawinsonde – meteorological device attached to a balloon that measures: temperature, pressure, humidity, winds at various altitudes After World War II – launched by plane twice daily at the major airports

Radar data

Satellite Data

How do we know about past climates? PALEOCLIMATOLOGY: Study of the climate when records of temperature, precipitation were NOT available. PROXYS: records of climate preserved in different elements of nature

Historical Data Historical documents contain information about past climates. Examples: farmers’ logs, travelers’ diaries, letters, newspapers. Historical grape harvest dates used to reconstruct summer temperatures in France

Corals – sea temperature

Coral reefs areas

Fossil Pollen All flowering plants produce pollen grains. Different plants produce different types (shapes) of pollen. Pollen is well preserved in sediment layers of ponds, lakes and ocean. Each layer: which plants were growing at that time.

TODAY 18,000 years ago

Tree-Rings Tree growth is influenced by climatic conditions. Patterns in tree rings: width, density, composition reflect variations in climate. Temperate climates: distinct growing season. Trees: hundred of years old – record of climate in centuries to millennia.

Locations of tree-rings studies

Tree-rings information from different sources:

Drought in tree-ring records DROUGHT

ICE CORES Ice accumulated from snowfall over thousands of years in high mountains and polar ice caps. Scientists drill through deep ice to collect ice cores. Ice cores contain air bubbles, dust, different elements that can be used to interpret past climate.

Vostok temperature record Present climate 250,000 years ago

Ocean core sediments Billions of tons of sediments accumulate on the ocean floor yearly. Scientists drill the ocean floor to obtain sediment cores. Sediments include fossils and chemicals that are used to interpret past climates.

Why should we study past climates ?

Global Warming

Green House effect

Can we do anything to stop? YES!!