Agenda: Nixon’s Presidency If you didn’t take the test you have until Wednesday April 6 Nixon Test April 5th

Nixon Timeline Person A will read and complete Nixon Presidency through Nixon Re-opening relations with China Person A will read and complete Nixon Presidency through Nixon Re-opening relations with China Person B will read and complete Détente with Soviet Union through Vice President Ford takes office Person B will read and complete Détente with Soviet Union through Vice President Ford takes office When finished Person A will Teach NOT hand paper to Person B their 3 sections When finished Person A will Teach NOT hand paper to Person B their 3 sections Then Person B will Teach NOT hand paper to Person A their 3 sections Then Person B will Teach NOT hand paper to Person A their 3 sections

Nixon Presidency (330) What was his presidency called? Why? The Imperial Presidency because under Nixon the expansion of presidential power had became great. What 1 st amendment issues did Nixon have to deal with? Explain with Details: Tinker v Des Moines when students were wearing arm bands to protest the Vietnam War. The Supreme Court ruled that not allowed them to wear them was a violation of first amendment right. Wisconsin V Yoder the Court decided that forcing Amish children to go to school past 8 th grade violated their 1 st Amendment right of freedom of religion. How does Nixon deal with inflation? (331) He cut prices and took us off the gold standard, and set a peacetime wage & price control Equal Rights Amendment (331) What is this? An amendment that would keep anyone from discriminating or providing equal rights based on a persons sex. When was it approved? 1972 When was it to be ratified by? 7 years after being sent to the states with an extension of 1982 Who is Phyllis Schlafly? Critic of the Women’s Liberations movement and spoke against the Equal Rights Amendment which she believed would hurt wives, family life and force women into “manly roles”

1972 Nixon Re-opening Relations with China (332) What was this? Nixon restored relations with Communist China by visiting China. Why was this important? It recognized a communist nation, and provided Nixon a more flexible situation in N. Vietnam Détente with the Soviet Union (332) What is détente? Relaxing of tensions What did Nixon hope to achieve? He wanted to stop the growth of nuclear weapons with the Soviet Union. Where did they meet? 1972 in Moscow What did they agree on? They signed SALT limiting defensive missile systems, and the US would help the Soviet union with food shortages.

1973 Nixon and the Environment (331) What is the EPA? The Environmental Protection Agency sets air and water pollution standards for cities, monitors and enforces their laws, and new construction must pass EPA requirements before approval is granted. What was the Endangered Species Act? Law requires that Fish and Wildlife Services list which species are endanger of extinction and take steps to protect them Vice President FORD Takes Office ( ) How did Ford become Vice President? (Explain with details) Nixon’s Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1973 was caught taking briges when he served as the Governor of Maryland. He resigned and under the 25 th Amendment Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as his Vice President.

Complete examination into the events of Watergate. Quote for the day… “Always do right. This will gratify some people and astonish the rest.” ~ Mark Twain Agenda Get out your Timeline from yesterday Watergate Guided Notes

Nixon and Watergate

The Election of 1968 Nixon campaigned as a champion of the "silent majority," the hardworking Americans who paid taxes, did not demonstrate, and desired a restoration of "law and order.” He vowed to restore respect for the rule of law, reconstitute the stature of America, dispose of ineffectual social programs, and provide strong leadership to end the turmoil of the 1960's.

What was Watergate? The scandal occurred when the Republicans were caught spying on the Democrats at the Democratic Headquarters Watergate was one of the largest political scandals in the history of the United States

Watergate became a major scandal when President Nixon lied about his role in the break-in and tried to cover it up

Roots of Watergate When the New York Times and Washington Post began to publish the Pentagon Papers, the Nixon Administration sued them. When the New York Times and Washington Post began to publish the Pentagon Papers, the Nixon Administration sued them. New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) It was Richard Nixon’s paranoia that his enemies wanted to ruin his presidency that was at the root of the Watergate scandal

Howard Hunt G. Gordon Liddy James McCord Chuck Colson After the release of the Pentagon Papers, the White House created a unit to ensure internal security. This unit was called the “Plumbers” because they were put in charge of stopping information “leaks”.

The Watergate Break-in When initial polls showed Nixon slightly behind in the Election of 1972, the Plumbers turned their activities to political espionage. On 17 June 1972, 5 men were arrested while attempting to bug the headquarters of the Democratic Party inside the Watergate building in Washington D.C. One of the men arrested, James McCord, was the head of security for the Republican Party. The Nixon campaign denied any involvement.

The Washington Post Watergate came to public attention largely through the work of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, investigative reporters from the Washington Post

Watergate Enters the Nixon Campaign The break-in was eventually tied to the Nixon reelection campaign through a $25,000 check from a Republican donor that was laundered through a Mexican bank and deposited in the account of Watergate burglar Bernard Barker.

The Election of 1972 Despite the growing stain of Watergate, which had not yet reached the President, Nixon won by the largest margin in history to that point.

Watergate Investigations In March 1973, defendant James McCord informed Judge John Sirica that Watergate was a conspiracy In March 1973, defendant James McCord informed Judge John Sirica that Watergate was a conspiracy Sirica’s investigation transformed Watergate from a “ third-rate burglary” to a major scandal. Sirica’s investigation transformed Watergate from a “ third-rate burglary” to a major scandal.

Congressional Hearings May 1973: Congress began hearings to investigate the scandal and found that Nixon’s Former Attorney General, John Mitchell,, head of Nixon’s “Committee to Re-Elect the President,” (CREEP) controlled a fund to pay for espionage operations

Congressional Hearings The hearings were televised in their entirety. They focused on when the President knew of the break-in. In June 1973, former White House legal counsel John Dean delivered devastating testimony that implicated Nixon from the earliest days of Watergate.

The Oval Office Tapes In an effort to discredit Dean’s testimony, the White House announced that Nixon had secretly been tape-recording conversations. These tapes would become the focus of the investigation.

When the Supreme Court forced Nixon to surrender the tapes, he refused invoking “executive privilege”

The Saturday Night Massacre The Administration reached an agreement with the Senate Watergate Committee that its Chairman would be allowed to listen to tapes and provide a transcript to the Committee and to Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox. The deal broke down when Cox refused to accept the transcripts in place of the tapes. Since the Special Prosecutor is an employee of the Justice Department, Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox. Archibald Cox

The Saturday Night Massacre When Richardson refused, he was fired. Nixon ordered Deputy Attorney General William D. Ruckelshaus to fire Cox. When he refused, he was fired. Nixon then ordered Solicitor General Robert Bork to fire Cox and he complied. The Washington Post reported on the “Saturday Night Massacre.”

The Oval Office Tapes On October 23, 1973 Nixon agreed to turn over White House tape recordings requested by the Watergate special prosecutor to Judge Sirica.

Nixon was implicated from the earliest days of the cover-up: authorizing the payment of hush money attempting to use the CIA to interfere with the FBI investigation. One tape has an 18 ½ minute gap. Nixon’s secretary Rosemary Woods demonstrated how she could have inadvertently erased the tape, but no one bought it.

Nixon’s Final Days On July 27, 1974, the House Judiciary Committee approved Articles of Impeachment against Nixon. The House was set to vote on the matter.

Nixon’s Final Days On August 5, 1974, when the “smoking gun tape” became public, Nixon was told that the Senate was going to find him guilty of impeachment charges

On August 9, 1974, Richard Nixon became the first American president to resign

Aftermath of Watergate  Gerald Ford became the 38 th president.  Over 30 government officials went to prison.  In September 1974, Ford pardoned Nixon. A pardon is when someone is forgiven of a crime and released from the penalty of the crime Ford pardoned Nixon to save the nation the shame of having a president found guilty of a federal crime

Watergate’s Legacy  For the first time in U.S. History, a president is forced to resign.  There was a public distrust of the government that continues to this day.  It was damaging to U.S. status in world affairs

Assignment Explain why Nixon deserved to be impeached. Include 2-3 examples of what he did wrong- 40 pts Include how the American people felt- 20pts Include how the American people should recover from this. – 20pts 2-3 sentences- 20 pts

Complete examination into Ford & Carter’s Presidency.

Ford/Carter Timeline You need to add to the back: You need to add to the back: Ford: Ford: Stagflation Stagflation What is this? What is this? What was the problem with it? What was the problem with it? OPEC OPEC Explain in detail Explain in detail