Taiwan’s International Student Policy: Gaps between Policy Intentions and Policy Implementation Student: Dai-Ying Yang Supervisor: Prof. Simon Marginson

Outline  A brief introduction of Taiwan  Purpose of the study  Research questions  Theoretical tools  Taiwan’s international student policy  Research methods  Contributions

A brief introduction of Taiwan China U.K.

A brief introduction of Taiwan

A brief introduction of Taiwan

A brief introduction of Taiwan

Agriculture, 2% Service, 68% Industry, 30% Industrial structure A brief introduction of Taiwan

 Higher education institutions (2015/16) A brief introduction of Taiwan public institutions public science & technology institutions private institutions private science & technology institutions

A brief introduction of Taiwan  Number of students (2015/16) Public institutionsPrivate institutions Doctoral program23,1666,167 Master program114,96655,462 Bachelor program287,029748,189 Subtotal425,161809,818 Total1,234,979

Top 10 origins of international degree students in Taiwan (2015/2016)

Why ‘international student policy’ ?  Non-academic reason  Academic reasons * Global pressures * National challenges * Local institutions’ needs

Purpose of the study  To identify the gap between national policy goals and higher education institutions’ implementation in Taiwan.

Research questions 1. What is Taiwan’s international student policy? 2. Has the policy been implemented as intended? 3. If not, what are the reasons and implications of this?

Theoretical tools  Education policy  A glonacal agency heuristic proposed by Marginson and Rhoades (2002)

Gaps between policy goals and policy implementation – Ball (1993)  “Policy change”  Three causes: 1) interpretation, 2) creativity, 3) power.

Gaps between policy goals and policy implementation – Ng (2008)  Three issues: 1) issues with ‘policy rhetoric,’ 2) issues with ‘the implementation process,’ 3) issues with ‘examining reality.’

A glonacal agency heuristic - Marginson and Rhoades (2002)  Glonacal: global, national, local dimension have their influences over policy.  Agency: * organizations on the three levels. * the ability of people to take actions at these levels  Emphasize on the interconnections of the three levels; the importance of national and institutional history, contexts, and resources.

Taiwan’s international student policy  Who are international students? * degree-students; * foreign students, People's Republic of China (PRC) students, Overseas Chinese students  Who are responsible for the international student policy? * Department of Higher Education * Department of Technological and Vocational Education * Department of International and Cross-Strait Education

Taiwan’s international student policy

National policy goals  Fill domestic vacant university seats  Compete globally in talent acquisition  Establish global networks  Enhance teaching and research capabilities of its higher education institutions  Increase multicultural awareness among students  foster Taiwan-China understanding and peaceful development

Research methods  Document analysis national policy documents and action plans; institutional documents and regulations  Semi-structured interview

 State level (6 interviewees) * Department of Higher Education * Department of Technological and Vocational Education * Department of International and Cross-Strait Education  Institution level (8 institutions) * Public universities, * Private universities, * Public science and technology universities, * Private science and technology universities

Taipei : 4 Taichung : 1 Tainan : 2 Pingtung : 1

Contributions  Bridge the gap between policy goals and policy implementation in Taiwan.  Offer suggestions for future policy formulation and implementation.  Serve as an example for countries which share similar higher education systems or cultural context.

Thank you.