UNIT 2 – THE MIDDLE AGES Chapter 13 – European Middle Ages Chapter 14 – the Formation of Western Europe

SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Feudalism in Europe The Age of Chivalry The Power of the Church UNIT 2 - CHAPTER 13

FUEDALISM IN EUROPE Feudalism, a political and economic system based on land-holding and protective alliances, emerges in Europe.

NORTHERN INVADERS The Vikings Invade from the North The Vikings Invade from the North Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandinavia Warlike Vikings raid Europe from Scandinavia Viking were seafaring nomadic Germanic tribes, called Northmen Viking were seafaring nomadic Germanic tribes, called Northmen Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity and become farmers Eventually, many Vikings adopt Christianity and become farmers Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade western Europe in late 800s Magyars (Hungarian nomads) invade western Europe in late 800s Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain Muslims strike north from Africa, attacking through Italy and Spain Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread disorder, suffering Viking, Magyar, Muslim invasions cause widespread disorder, suffering

VIKING SHIPS Viking long ships sail in shallow water, allowing raids inland up rivers 72 oars, 20 tons, could sail in 3 ft of water

European Invasions

FEUDALISM  FEUDALISM emerges in 900 AD—political system based on land control A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services A lord (landowner) gives fiefs (land grants) in exchange for services Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholders Vassals—people who receive fiefs—become powerful landholders

FEUDAL ROLES Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with king at the top Power in feudal system much like a pyramid, with king at the top Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom Kings served by nobles who are served by knights; peasants at bottom Knights —horsemen— defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs Knights —horsemen— defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs

Medieval feudal system classifies people into three social groups  those who fight: nobles and knights  those who pray: monks, nuns, leaders of the Church  those who work: peasants The Feudal Pyramid

SOCIAL CLASSES Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants Social class is usually inherited; majority of people are peasants Most peasants are serfs — people lawfully bound to place of birth Most peasants are serfs — people lawfully bound to place of birth Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord Serfs aren’t slaves, but what they produce belongs to their lord

THE MANOR SYSTEM  The lord’s estate, a manor, has an economic (business) system: Serfs maintain the lord’s estate Serfs maintain the lord’s estate The lord provides housing, & protection The lord provides housing, & protection  A Self-Contained World Medieval manors include lord’s house, church, workshops, village Medieval manors include lord’s house, church, workshops, village Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self- sufficient Manors cover a few square miles of land, are largely self- sufficient

THE AGE OF CHIVALRY CHAPTER 13 SECTION 3 The code of chivalry for knights glorifies combat and romantic love.

 The Warrior’s Role in Feudal Society By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of warring nobles By 1000s, western Europe is a battleground of warring nobles Feudal lords raise private armies of knights Feudal lords raise private armies of knights Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons Knights rewarded with land; provides income needed for weapons Knights’ other activities help train them for combat Knights’ other activities help train them for combat  Brutal Reality of Warfare Castles are huge fortresses where lords live Castles are huge fortresses where lords live They were built to protect a lord’s manor They were built to protect a lord’s manor By the 1100s massive walls and guard towers circled castles By the 1100s massive walls and guard towers circled castles

The Code of Chivalry The Code of Chivalry The Code of Chivalry By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry —ideals on how to act By 1100s knights obey code of chivalry —ideals on how to act They protect the weak; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady They protect the weak; serve feudal lord, God, chosen lady A Knight’s Training A Knight’s Training Boys begin to train for knighthood at age 7, called a page Boys begin to train for knighthood at age 7, called a page Became a squire at 14 and usually knighted at 21 Became a squire at 14 and usually knighted at 21 Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments—mock battles Knights gain experience in local wars and tournaments—mock battles why would knights travel for 2 years after being knighted? why would knights travel for 2 years after being knighted?

LITERATURE Epic Poetry Epic Poetry Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and adventures Epic poems recount a hero’s deeds and adventures The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s French knights fighting Muslims The Song of Roland is about Charlemagne’s French knights fighting Muslims Love Poems and Songs Love Poems and Songs Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords Knights’ duties to ladies are as important as those to their lords Troubadours —traveling poet-musicians—write and sing short verses Troubadours —traveling poet-musicians—write and sing short verses Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204) Most celebrated woman of the age is Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122–1204)

Analysis: St. George & the Dragon (1455)

  What is feudalism? A. A.The decline in learning in Europe after the fall of Rome B. B.People who receive fiefs in exchange for money C. C.A training system for knights in the Middle Ages D. D.A Medieval political system that structured society based on land control   The manor system was a business arrangement that was set up by A. A.Knights defending the property B. B.A serf working the land while the lord provided housing, farmland, and protection C. C.Troubadors explaining medieval rules to common citizens D. D.Monks giving church land away

  What is feudalism? A. A.The decline in learning in Europe after the fall of Rome B. B.People who receive fiefs in exchange for money C. C.A training system for knights in the Middle Ages D. D.A Medieval political system that structured society based on land control   The manor system was a business arrangement that was set up by A. A.Knights defending the property B. B.A serf working the land while the lord provided housing, farmland, and protection C. C.Troubadors explaining medieval rules to common citizens D. D.Monks giving church land away