 Broadly viewed… Natural Resource-Based Tourism is not viable without Conservation and Recreation.  Symbiotic relationship— the three mutually complement and support each other  Synergistic relationship— the whole is greater than the parts  Broadly viewed… Natural Resource-Based Tourism is not viable without Conservation and Recreation.  Symbiotic relationship— the three mutually complement and support each other  Synergistic relationship— the whole is greater than the parts 2/8 2

 Conservation supports attractive and useful environments and destinations causing:  Designation and establishment of parks, preserves, and other protected areas;  Legal means to preserve and protect scenery and wildlands;  Resource management and protection;  Education and interpretive programs;  Clean and healthy environments.  Conservation supports attractive and useful environments and destinations causing:  Designation and establishment of parks, preserves, and other protected areas;  Legal means to preserve and protect scenery and wildlands;  Resource management and protection;  Education and interpretive programs;  Clean and healthy environments. 3/8 2

 Recreation supports and encourages:  Travel;  Development of access to scenic locations for recreation;  Development of recreation resources, areas, facilities, activities, and services.  Recreation supports and encourages:  Travel;  Development of access to scenic locations for recreation;  Development of recreation resources, areas, facilities, activities, and services. 4/8 2

 Tourism causes the following to be made available:  Conveniences for the visitor— transportation and tours;  Food, lodging, hospitality, and other support services;  Economic incentives to finance conservation and recreation;  Political support for recreation and conservation from visitors (and locals?).  Tourism causes the following to be made available:  Conveniences for the visitor— transportation and tours;  Food, lodging, hospitality, and other support services;  Economic incentives to finance conservation and recreation;  Political support for recreation and conservation from visitors (and locals?). 5/8 2

RECREATION Refreshing Activitiy Fun Experience Pursued in “Free Time” Vacation Destinations CONSERVATION Behavior designed to assure “wise use” and preservation of our history, culture, traditions, uniquely valued lands, and natural resources TOURISM Commercial Activity Supporting Travel 6/8 2

Positive Impacts:  Promotes administrative and planning controls  Implementation of environmental clean- up and restoration  Allows for improvement and preservation  Protects wildlife and plant species  Promotes non- consumptive uses Positive Impacts:  Promotes administrative and planning controls  Implementation of environmental clean- up and restoration  Allows for improvement and preservation  Protects wildlife and plant species  Promotes non- consumptive uses Negative Impacts:  Over-crowding  Over-development  Maximizing visitation at expense of the natural resource  Recreational impacts on wildlife and fragile vegetation  Air and water pollution  Crime and vandalism  Souvenir collection Negative Impacts:  Over-crowding  Over-development  Maximizing visitation at expense of the natural resource  Recreational impacts on wildlife and fragile vegetation  Air and water pollution  Crime and vandalism  Souvenir collection 7/8 2

Tourist—Host Relationships & Interactions  Ethnic/Cultural differences  Language differences  Expectations  Time patterns  Spacial patterns  Intensity of development  Size of community  Commoditization  “Trinketization” Tourist—Host Relationships & Interactions  Ethnic/Cultural differences  Language differences  Expectations  Time patterns  Spacial patterns  Intensity of development  Size of community  Commoditization  “Trinketization” Tourist Core Periphery 8/8 2

9/8 2

First Stage— Early on, local economies were heavily dependent on extractive uses of natural resources. Second Stage— Communities closely situated to attractive outdoor recreation amenities attract increasing numbers of tourists, and ensuing proliferation of tourist-support businesses dominate the local economy. 10/ 82

Third Stage— Many tourists who travel to experience the attractive outdoor recreation amenities perceive additional “quality-of-life” characteristics/attributes at a specific place, and move to small towns establishing permanent residence. 11/ 82

“footloose entrepreneurs” “equity migrants” “travel-stimulated entrepreneurial migrants” “amenity migrants” These “amenity migrants” bring their own businesses or start new businesses. Some are retirees, bringing income from retirement pensions, investments, and savings. This builds demand for support services, fueling local economic activity and growth. Extractive uses of natural resources and even tourism may become minor contributors to local economies at this stage of economic succession. 12/ 82

Places new stress on existing infrastructure Expanded police and fire protection, search & rescue, and medical services often needed Other public services neededWhere does the tourist money go?High-risk and seasonality of tourism enterprise 13/ 82

Additional capital and maintenance costs for public amenities - parks, convention centers, recreation areas, libraries, museums, historic restorations Increasing numbers of visitors means increasing local population - need for educational services, hospitals, housing, public welfare, and overall economic development Tourism expansion demands greater quantities of land and other resources. - Competes with existing land uses and other economic development opportunities. 14/ 82

 Tourism plays an important role in the process of community development, helping to ensure the protection and preservation of both environmental and community amenities.  Offers key opportunities for developing interactions within a community… leading to relationships between and among community members and allowing for the natural emergence of other community networks.  Can create a “new sense” of community pride among local residents.  Tourism plays an important role in the process of community development, helping to ensure the protection and preservation of both environmental and community amenities.  Offers key opportunities for developing interactions within a community… leading to relationships between and among community members and allowing for the natural emergence of other community networks.  Can create a “new sense” of community pride among local residents. 15/ 82

Potential Benefits versus Potential Costs  Negative environmental and social impacts  Potentially exploitative tendency  Being approached with a sense of caution “Ill-conceived and poorly planned tourism development can erode the very qualities of the natural and human environments that attract visitors in the first place.” Potential Benefits versus Potential Costs  Negative environmental and social impacts  Potentially exploitative tendency  Being approached with a sense of caution “Ill-conceived and poorly planned tourism development can erode the very qualities of the natural and human environments that attract visitors in the first place.” 16/ 82

Critical Challenge:  To not degrade environmental resources nor negatively exploit local human and cultural resources, in order that these resources may be maintained for present and future generations. Sustainable Tourism Development, as a concept, is “one of the healthiest insights of tourism.” Critical Challenge:  To not degrade environmental resources nor negatively exploit local human and cultural resources, in order that these resources may be maintained for present and future generations. Sustainable Tourism Development, as a concept, is “one of the healthiest insights of tourism.” 17/ 82

 Concept of “sustainability” recently associated with tourism development initiatives and efforts.  “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”  Concept of “sustainability” recently associated with tourism development initiatives and efforts.  “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” 18/ 82

 All development paths that are either environmentally benign or beneficial.  Tied to sustainable use-- careful and sensitive economic development is possible without degrading or depleting natural resources needed by present and future generations.  Promotes intergenerational responsibility.  All development paths that are either environmentally benign or beneficial.  Tied to sustainable use-- careful and sensitive economic development is possible without degrading or depleting natural resources needed by present and future generations.  Promotes intergenerational responsibility. 19/ 82

Involves management of all resources in such a way that “economic, social, and aesthetic needs [are fulfilled] while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems.” 20/ 82

“Remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade nor alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes.” 21/ 82

Should follow ethical principles that “respect the culture and environment of the host area, the economy and traditional way of life, the indigenous behavior, and the local leadership and political patterns.” 22/ 82

Interest in “protecting, using carefully and benefiting the human and cultural, as well as the natural heritage of an area, implying active participation and leadership by local people, organizations, and government.” 23/ 82

Policy Endorsement (the “Ideal”) Policy Implementation (the “Reality”) Difficult to “prove” sustainability Better sense of what might ultimately be an unsustainable outcome Difficult to “prove” sustainability Better sense of what might ultimately be an unsustainable outcome 24/ 82

EconomicEnvironmental Socio-Cultural 25/ 82

 Maximize Goal Achievement across the three systems at one and the same time through an Adaptive Process of Trade-Offs.  The more the three systems and goals converge, the more sustainable development becomes.  Maximize Goal Achievement across the three systems at one and the same time through an Adaptive Process of Trade-Offs.  The more the three systems and goals converge, the more sustainable development becomes. EnvironmentalEconomic Socio-Cultural 26/ 82

Political-Legal System Economic Environmental Socio-Cultural 27/ 82

Political-Legal System Economic Socio-Cultural Environmental 28/ 82

Political-Legal System Economic Environmental Socio-Cultural 29/ 82

 Not possible to maximize all goals at the same time through an adaptive process of trade-offs.  Conflict almost always exists between and among inter- and intra-system goals.  As a result of values, choices are made as to which goals are more valuable and which should receive higher priority.  As a result, different development strategies assign different priorities to the systems and their goals.  Not possible to maximize all goals at the same time through an adaptive process of trade-offs.  Conflict almost always exists between and among inter- and intra-system goals.  As a result of values, choices are made as to which goals are more valuable and which should receive higher priority.  As a result, different development strategies assign different priorities to the systems and their goals. 30/ 82

 Concept of sustainable development provokes groups at different levels to set a wide spectrum of goals and then to reconcile them.  “It is this reconciliation or trade-offs implicit in sustainable development that has inspired much useful work since the early 1980s… [amounting] to a new renaissance in thinking in social welfare and development issues.”  Concept of sustainable development provokes groups at different levels to set a wide spectrum of goals and then to reconcile them.  “It is this reconciliation or trade-offs implicit in sustainable development that has inspired much useful work since the early 1980s… [amounting] to a new renaissance in thinking in social welfare and development issues.” 31/ 82

 Patterns of sustainable development must be built from the bottom up, showing what can be achieved at local levels and then working to disseminate positive experiences.  “Increased emphasis is being placed on those forms of tourism that are particularly sensitive to promoting and retaining the integrity of natural and socio-cultural environments.” 32/ 82

 There must be a balance between “a degree or type of development that will bring economic and other benefits to a community and the point at which that development starts to feed on rather than sustain the very elements at its basis.” 33/ 82

Follow ethical principles Involve the local population Give the local population an element of control Be undertaken with equity in mind 34/ 82

 Low impact  Small in scale  Careful in progress  Appropriate and sensitive to the local natural and socio-cultural environment  Readily integrated into the existing social and economic life of the community  Low impact  Small in scale  Careful in progress  Appropriate and sensitive to the local natural and socio-cultural environment  Readily integrated into the existing social and economic life of the community 35/ 82

1.Define goals of STD for a destination. 2.Establish appropriate planning and management framework. 3.Select relevant indicators from a candidate list of environmental, economic, and socio-cultural criteria. 4.Measure and monitor these indicators. 5.Periodically analyze and assess indicator performance. 6.Determine whether original goals are being achieved. 7.Implement remedial action if necessary. 1.Define goals of STD for a destination. 2.Establish appropriate planning and management framework. 3.Select relevant indicators from a candidate list of environmental, economic, and socio-cultural criteria. 4.Measure and monitor these indicators. 5.Periodically analyze and assess indicator performance. 6.Determine whether original goals are being achieved. 7.Implement remedial action if necessary. 36/ 82

 Environmental  Destruction or alteration of natural habitat by tourism construction  Amount of litter associated with tourism activities  Resource consumption associated with tourism  Economic  Revenues earned directly from tourism  Proportion of destination employment associated with tourism  Profitability of individual operations  Socio-Cultural  Number of resident complaints against tourism  Amount of crime directed against tourists  Number and condition of heritage structures and sites  Integrity of the local culture  Environmental  Destruction or alteration of natural habitat by tourism construction  Amount of litter associated with tourism activities  Resource consumption associated with tourism  Economic  Revenues earned directly from tourism  Proportion of destination employment associated with tourism  Profitability of individual operations  Socio-Cultural  Number of resident complaints against tourism  Amount of crime directed against tourists  Number and condition of heritage structures and sites  Integrity of the local culture 37/ 82

 Sustainable tourism development goals influenced by ideological considerations; lack of common ground often evident.  Assuming goal consensus, necessary to define temporal, spatial, political, and inter-sectoral parameters within which to assess sustainable tourism.  Long-term planning discouraged by short term budgets.  Cannot take into account all external influences affecting the sector, many of which are unknown.  Tourism cannot be isolated from other natural resource uses.  Sustainable tourism development goals influenced by ideological considerations; lack of common ground often evident.  Assuming goal consensus, necessary to define temporal, spatial, political, and inter-sectoral parameters within which to assess sustainable tourism.  Long-term planning discouraged by short term budgets.  Cannot take into account all external influences affecting the sector, many of which are unknown.  Tourism cannot be isolated from other natural resource uses. 38/ 82

 Potential number of indicators within any particular destination is enormous.  Strategically difficult to monitor more than a few.  No definitive guidelines available to inform destinations as to which ones are most important.  Decision to include or exclude particular indicators is ultimately a subjective exercise, highly sensitive to context.  Little known about critical thresholds of sustainability that apply to each criterion, how they can be measured, and how often they should be monitored.  Potential number of indicators within any particular destination is enormous.  Strategically difficult to monitor more than a few.  No definitive guidelines available to inform destinations as to which ones are most important.  Decision to include or exclude particular indicators is ultimately a subjective exercise, highly sensitive to context.  Little known about critical thresholds of sustainability that apply to each criterion, how they can be measured, and how often they should be monitored. 39/ 82

 Many of the impacts identified within a destination and/or within a specific time period actually have their causes in other areas or time periods.  Events within destinations may have consequences in other destinations and time periods.  Many of the impacts identified within a destination and/or within a specific time period actually have their causes in other areas or time periods.  Events within destinations may have consequences in other destinations and time periods. 40/ 82

 Is achieving STD even possible and/or worthwhile?  If no effort is made at all, unsustainable outcomes are virtually guaranteed.  Sustainability indicators are just that, an indication, rather than an absolute confirmation, of sustainability.  New information on sustainable practices in tourism is continually being generated.  More appropriate to describe destinations as indicative of STD, rather than definitive.  Is achieving STD even possible and/or worthwhile?  If no effort is made at all, unsustainable outcomes are virtually guaranteed.  Sustainability indicators are just that, an indication, rather than an absolute confirmation, of sustainability.  New information on sustainable practices in tourism is continually being generated.  More appropriate to describe destinations as indicative of STD, rather than definitive. 41/ 82

 Sustainable tourism development is determined largely by what “stakeholders” want it to be.  Through an informed, open, and participatory process for decision-making…  Creates empowerment and involvement…  Resulting in cooperative and collaborative action.  Sustainable tourism development is determined largely by what “stakeholders” want it to be.  Through an informed, open, and participatory process for decision-making…  Creates empowerment and involvement…  Resulting in cooperative and collaborative action. 42/ 82

 Effective implementation appears to occur in highly interactive communities where local leaders from diverse special interest groups interact and in the process create a viable community field.  Main Task: Removing those barriers and constraints interfering with the natural tendency of community to develop allowing for the development of relationships and free-flowing interaction.  Effective implementation appears to occur in highly interactive communities where local leaders from diverse special interest groups interact and in the process create a viable community field.  Main Task: Removing those barriers and constraints interfering with the natural tendency of community to develop allowing for the development of relationships and free-flowing interaction. 43/ 82

Leadership Cooperation & Coordination Between Local Leadership, Business Persons, and Public Land Managers Widespread Community Support Support & Participation of Local government A Complete Tourism Package Strategic Planning Cooperation & Coordination Among Tourism Entrepreneurs Active Convention & Visitors Bureaus Travel Councils Access to Information & Technical Assistance Access to Financial Resources for Tourism Development 44/ 82

 Develop a Widely Shared Vision  Create an Inventory of Local Assets  Build on Local Assets  Minimize the Need for Regulations  Meet the Needs of Both Landowner and Community  Develop a Widely Shared Vision  Create an Inventory of Local Assets  Build on Local Assets  Minimize the Need for Regulations  Meet the Needs of Both Landowner and Community  Team Up with Public Land Managers  Recognize the Role of Non-Profit Organizations  Provide Opportunities for Leaders to Step Forward  Pay Attention to Aesthetics  Team Up with Public Land Managers  Recognize the Role of Non-Profit Organizations  Provide Opportunities for Leaders to Step Forward  Pay Attention to Aesthetics 45/ 82

 From professionals and volunteers working in tourism development.  Following an approach that focuses on the principles of sustainable development in all development efforts and initiatives.  Facilitates resident involvement, participation in decision-making, and local control in development.  From professionals and volunteers working in tourism development.  Following an approach that focuses on the principles of sustainable development in all development efforts and initiatives.  Facilitates resident involvement, participation in decision-making, and local control in development. 46/ 82

 Cooperative interaction can create:  networks both within and outside the community  roles for involved community members  shared experiences  opportunities for further community development  contributions to the general quality of life in a community26  Cooperative interaction can create:  networks both within and outside the community  roles for involved community members  shared experiences  opportunities for further community development  contributions to the general quality of life in a community26 47/ 82

Successful Rural Tourism Development Citizens Residents Special Interest Groups Elected Officials Government Agencies Businesses Media Conservation Groups Resource Managers Marketers & Promoters Tourism Planners & Developers 48/ 82

Amenity Values are values we place on the natural resource amenities of:  Clean Air and Water  Natural Landscapes  Scenic Beauty & Aesthetics  Wildlife and Habitat  Opportunities for Outdoor Recreation Amenity Values are values we place on the natural resource amenities of:  Clean Air and Water  Natural Landscapes  Scenic Beauty & Aesthetics  Wildlife and Habitat  Opportunities for Outdoor Recreation 49/ 82

 Attitudes differ… often based on economic dependency.  Rural and urban differences  Core values we hold are greater than knowledge in influencing attitudes.  Education can be effective in increasing knowledge and influencing attitudes.  Attitudes differ… often based on economic dependency.  Rural and urban differences  Core values we hold are greater than knowledge in influencing attitudes.  Education can be effective in increasing knowledge and influencing attitudes. 50/ 82

 Retention and Protection of Open Space/Critical Lands & Waters:  Undeveloped land/water that retains most, if not all of its natural characteristics; or  Land/Water that is managed for the sustainable development and use of natural resources.  Retention and Protection of Open Space/Critical Lands & Waters:  Undeveloped land/water that retains most, if not all of its natural characteristics; or  Land/Water that is managed for the sustainable development and use of natural resources. 51/ 82

 Some societal stakeholders place more emphasis on the protection of natural resources for non-use or intrinsic values.  For aesthetics and natural amenities  For meeting recreational needs  For countering growth and development  For providing ecological services -wildlife conservation and habitat protection -wetlands/riparian protection -air and water quality -conservation of biological diversity  Some societal stakeholders place more emphasis on the protection of natural resources for non-use or intrinsic values.  For aesthetics and natural amenities  For meeting recreational needs  For countering growth and development  For providing ecological services -wildlife conservation and habitat protection -wetlands/riparian protection -air and water quality -conservation of biological diversity 52/ 82

 Some societal stakeholders place more emphasis on the use or instrumental value of natural resources.  To help meet local economic needs, say through outdoor recreation and tourism development  To retain public access and use for recreation  To retain traditions of multiple use of natural resources on public lands  Some societal stakeholders place more emphasis on the use or instrumental value of natural resources.  To help meet local economic needs, say through outdoor recreation and tourism development  To retain public access and use for recreation  To retain traditions of multiple use of natural resources on public lands 53/ 82

 Key challenge is to provide opportunities to enhance both the use and environmental protection roles of natural resources simultaneously.  Need to meet recreational access/use and wildlife/habitat protection needs simultaneously, whenever and wherever appropriate and possible.  Key challenge is to provide opportunities to enhance both the use and environmental protection roles of natural resources simultaneously.  Need to meet recreational access/use and wildlife/habitat protection needs simultaneously, whenever and wherever appropriate and possible. 54/ 82

 Linking these two orientations is possible.  Will require an explicit and balanced effort to bring these together.  Especially important to encourage support and collaboration with stakeholders in rural areas.  Linking these two orientations is possible.  Will require an explicit and balanced effort to bring these together.  Especially important to encourage support and collaboration with stakeholders in rural areas. 55/ 82

 To enhance long-term benefits, specific projects need to be designed to simultaneously meet recreational development and use goals along with natural resource and environmental protection goals. 56/ 82

 New methods are needed for combining human values of natural resource use and protection in project planning, funding, and implementation.  Will require more collaborative efforts in social and ecological research.  Will require more community-based approaches to conservation and natural resources management.  New methods are needed for combining human values of natural resource use and protection in project planning, funding, and implementation.  Will require more collaborative efforts in social and ecological research.  Will require more community-based approaches to conservation and natural resources management. 57/ 82

 CRM is designed to help stakeholders reach consensus-based decisions regarding the utilization and/or management of natural resources.  CRM is a collaborative process that utilizes the direct involvement of interested stakeholders for planning, reaching management decisions, or resolving disputes about natural resources.  Benefits:  Brings affected stakholders into decision-making process.  Informs public through constituency representatives.  Fosters stakeholder support of decisions and programs.  CRM is designed to help stakeholders reach consensus-based decisions regarding the utilization and/or management of natural resources.  CRM is a collaborative process that utilizes the direct involvement of interested stakeholders for planning, reaching management decisions, or resolving disputes about natural resources.  Benefits:  Brings affected stakholders into decision-making process.  Informs public through constituency representatives.  Fosters stakeholder support of decisions and programs. 58/ 82

A perspective about sustainability issues In the tourism sector At the global level A perspective about sustainability issues In the tourism sector At the global level 59/ 82

Tourism is first and foremost a great tool for economic development Introduction: economical benefits at the global levelIntroduction: 60/ 82

the growth rate of tourism is proportionally much higher in developing countries than in industrialised countries. This means global opportunities AND CHALLENGES in the developing world: -Prospects / outlook as regards to economic development and fight against poverty development and fight against poverty -More pressure on environment in areas with a potential tourist growth potential tourist growth -Concerns on social equity in tourism destinations the growth rate of tourism is proportionally much higher in developing countries than in industrialised countries. This means global opportunities AND CHALLENGES in the developing world: -Prospects / outlook as regards to economic development and fight against poverty development and fight against poverty -More pressure on environment in areas with a potential tourist growth potential tourist growth -Concerns on social equity in tourism destinations Introduction: growing challenges, especially in the developing world 61/ 82

But tourism brings an increasing pressure on the Environment, local and global; on Social equity; on the Local Cultures. But tourism brings an increasing pressure on the Environment, local and global; on Social equity; on the Local Cultures. Introduction: a growing impact 62/ 82

Demand for Sustainable Tourism Consumer demand is increasingly moving towards responsible and sustainable tourism travellers are aware of the needs and values of sustainable tourism they are looking for opportunities of responsible travels they ask for responsible travels Demand for Sustainable Tourism Consumer demand is increasingly moving towards responsible and sustainable tourism travellers are aware of the needs and values of sustainable tourism they are looking for opportunities of responsible travels they ask for responsible travels Introduction: a growing demand for sustainability 63/ 82

How to change unsustainable patterns of producing and consuming tourism services? How to raise awareness among tourists and professionals about the global impacts of tourism? What can we do to increase the economic benefits of tourism (especially for local communities) without harming the fragile environmental and social balances and, instead, using them as an opportunity for further development? How to change unsustainable patterns of producing and consuming tourism services? How to raise awareness among tourists and professionals about the global impacts of tourism? What can we do to increase the economic benefits of tourism (especially for local communities) without harming the fragile environmental and social balances and, instead, using them as an opportunity for further development? Main questions raised 64/ 82

Enable sharing of knowledge, experiences and best practices; Develop pilot projects to be replicated; Raise awareness among both tourists and tourism operators; Encourage all stakeholders to take actions. And soon… develop policy recommendations ? Enable sharing of knowledge, experiences and best practices; Develop pilot projects to be replicated; Raise awareness among both tourists and tourism operators; Encourage all stakeholders to take actions. And soon… develop policy recommendations ? Objective of Sustainable TourismTask Force : Objective of Sustainable TourismTask Force : 65/ 82

4 priority issues: 1.Interlinkages between tourism and destination change; 2.Interlinkages between tourism and biodiversity; 3.Conservation of cultural and natural heritage; 4.Fostering local governance with better involvement of local populations. 1.Interlinkages between tourism and destination change; 2.Interlinkages between tourism and biodiversity; 3.Conservation of cultural and natural heritage; 4.Fostering local governance with better involvement of local populations. 66/ 82

Collection of good practicesCollection of good practices Education and capacity building for future tourism managers and local SMEsEducation and capacity building for future tourism managers and local SMEs Promotion of corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) and partnership with the private sectorPromotion of corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) and partnership with the private sector Development of policy tools Development of policy tools Information - Communication - Networking activitiesInformation - Communication - Networking activities Collection of good practicesCollection of good practices Education and capacity building for future tourism managers and local SMEsEducation and capacity building for future tourism managers and local SMEs Promotion of corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) and partnership with the private sectorPromotion of corporate social and environmental responsibility (CSER) and partnership with the private sector Development of policy tools Development of policy tools Information - Communication - Networking activitiesInformation - Communication - Networking activities The Program of Work 67/ 82

Eco- tourism Tourism Impacts Tourism Development New Paradigm of Income Rise of Global Environmental Movement Awareness of Protected Areas Outdoor and Adventure 68/ 82

Economic Impacts are not the only important impacts tourism can have Nature, peoples and cultures also affected 69/ 82

 Tourism can be used to help preserve the environment  Through education and appreciation  To help finance preservation  Creation of National Parks  Defining carrying capacity  Physical capacity  Environmental capacity  Ecological capacity  Tourism can be used to help preserve the environment  Through education and appreciation  To help finance preservation  Creation of National Parks  Defining carrying capacity  Physical capacity  Environmental capacity  Ecological capacity 70/ 82

 Determine carrying capacity by considering  Number of visitors  Amount or type of use by average visitor  Quality of resource management and facility development/design  Number of area residents and their quality of life needs  Number of other visitors  Carrying capacity changes when any one or more of above variables change  Determine carrying capacity by considering  Number of visitors  Amount or type of use by average visitor  Quality of resource management and facility development/design  Number of area residents and their quality of life needs  Number of other visitors  Carrying capacity changes when any one or more of above variables change 71/ 82

 Tourism development requires a foundation of infrastructure  Also requires development of superstructure  Pollution and other damage can develop with increases in visitors  Efforts are being taken to reduce impacts  Tourism development requires a foundation of infrastructure  Also requires development of superstructure  Pollution and other damage can develop with increases in visitors  Efforts are being taken to reduce impacts 72/ 82

 Society is a community, nation or broad grouping of people who have common traditions, institutions, activities and interests  Culture is the practices of a society  Host community concept  Resource 1: The local residents who serve and interact with guests  Resource 2: Community's economic system  Resource 3: Community's infrastructure and government services  Resource 4: Natural resource of the community and its outlying area  Society is a community, nation or broad grouping of people who have common traditions, institutions, activities and interests  Culture is the practices of a society  Host community concept  Resource 1: The local residents who serve and interact with guests  Resource 2: Community's economic system  Resource 3: Community's infrastructure and government services  Resource 4: Natural resource of the community and its outlying area 73/ 82

 Social and cultural benefits of tourism  Learn about each other  Sharing of tastes and different ways of thinking  Can generate “critical mass” of interest  Improved standard of living  Preservation of area’s natural and historical sites  Using culture to attract tourists  Material goods  Daily life activities  Special expressions of culture  Social and cultural benefits of tourism  Learn about each other  Sharing of tastes and different ways of thinking  Can generate “critical mass” of interest  Improved standard of living  Preservation of area’s natural and historical sites  Using culture to attract tourists  Material goods  Daily life activities  Special expressions of culture 74/ 82

 Social carrying capacity  Number of people that a society can bear without substantial damage to its culture  Consequences to industrialized, high-income cultures  Overcrowding  Clash of unfamiliar behaviors  Resentment of residents from need to share resources with visitors  Social carrying capacity  Number of people that a society can bear without substantial damage to its culture  Consequences to industrialized, high-income cultures  Overcrowding  Clash of unfamiliar behaviors  Resentment of residents from need to share resources with visitors 75/ 82

 Consequences to less developed, lower income cultures  Demonstration effect  Disproportionate wages from tourism compared to traditional occupations  Problem of Crime  Due to increase in number of potential victims  Due to resentment and envy of visitors  Correlation between number of visitors and amount of crime  Increases in cost of police protection raises fear  Effect on native language  Decline in moral conduct of local people  Consequences to less developed, lower income cultures  Demonstration effect  Disproportionate wages from tourism compared to traditional occupations  Problem of Crime  Due to increase in number of potential victims  Due to resentment and envy of visitors  Correlation between number of visitors and amount of crime  Increases in cost of police protection raises fear  Effect on native language  Decline in moral conduct of local people 76/ 82

 Explosive growth in tourism  Quicker, cheaper and safer transportation  Increase in number of world’s citizens who can afford to travel  Longer lives and better health  Global communications  Destinations are proposed to go through a set of stages from exploration to decline  Explosive growth in tourism  Quicker, cheaper and safer transportation  Increase in number of world’s citizens who can afford to travel  Longer lives and better health  Global communications  Destinations are proposed to go through a set of stages from exploration to decline 77/ 82

 Criticism of mass tourism  Architectural pollution  Herding of tourists  Disruption of traditional events and occupations  Diminished natural beauty and environment  Low priority paid to local needs  Economic gains short-lived but damage long-term  Developers abandon area when growth ceases  Ecotourism- need to develop tourism that minimizes environmental impacts and maximizes economic and cultural benefits  Criticism of mass tourism  Architectural pollution  Herding of tourists  Disruption of traditional events and occupations  Diminished natural beauty and environment  Low priority paid to local needs  Economic gains short-lived but damage long-term  Developers abandon area when growth ceases  Ecotourism- need to develop tourism that minimizes environmental impacts and maximizes economic and cultural benefits 78/ 82

 Ways to Develop Ecotourism  Tourism should blend with the environment and local culture  Tourist experience should focus on host community’s existing scenic and activity opportunities  Local should own and manage all or most services  A high proportion of local materials should be used in fulfilling tourist’s needs  Ecotechniques should be used to conserve techniques  Ways to Develop Ecotourism  Tourism should blend with the environment and local culture  Tourist experience should focus on host community’s existing scenic and activity opportunities  Local should own and manage all or most services  A high proportion of local materials should be used in fulfilling tourist’s needs  Ecotechniques should be used to conserve techniques 79/ 82

 Ecotourism 21 st Century  Has been used as a marketing term for a number of tour attractions  Covers a range of tourism experiences from “hard to soft”  Sustaining Tourism Benefits  Sustainable tourism: does not threaten the economic, social, cultural, or environmental integrity of the tourist destination  Formal planning processes are being used to guide future development operations  Ecotourism 21 st Century  Has been used as a marketing term for a number of tour attractions  Covers a range of tourism experiences from “hard to soft”  Sustaining Tourism Benefits  Sustainable tourism: does not threaten the economic, social, cultural, or environmental integrity of the tourist destination  Formal planning processes are being used to guide future development operations 80/ 82

 Launch a campaign to minimize impacts of tourism activities  Building environmental and cultural awareness and respect  Providing positive experiences for both visitors and hosts  Launch a campaign to minimize impacts of tourism activities  Building environmental and cultural awareness and respect  Providing positive experiences for both visitors and hosts  Providing direct financial benefits for conversation  Providing financial benefits and empowerment for local people  Raising sensitivity to political and social climates of the region  Providing direct financial benefits for conversation  Providing financial benefits and empowerment for local people  Raising sensitivity to political and social climates of the region 81/ 82

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