DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Overview Mr. Ludovice

Why is DNA so important? DNA shows how living organisms can pass information along to their offspring. We now know that when a baby is born, the DNA of both parents is the crucial ingredient that is passed on to the child.

DNA applications Crime scenes (CSI: Miami) Paternity testing Diseases and disorders

What if DNA in animals were mixed? Chimpanzee dog Elephant Chimpanzee

Fox bird Kangaroo Squirrel

Names to remember Griffith –Discovered the concept of transformation Avery –Provided evidence that DNA is genetic material Hershey and Chase –Confirmed that DNA is hereditary material Watson and Crick –Developed model of DNA structure (Double Helix)

DNA composition Subunits = nucleotides –3 parts = deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate group, and a base Chargaff’s Rule-base pairings –Adenine binds with Thymine –Guanine binds with Cytosine

How DNA is copied Process of replication –Preserves the sequence of bases in an organism’s DNA. Remember that A-T and G-C are complimentary so they must match up

Ch 12 section 3 Protein Synthesis the transfer of genetic material to the ribosome but DNA stays in the nucleus! Gene expression = use of DNA information to form proteins –2 stages → – first is transcription = mRNA copy is made. – Second is translation = 3 different RNA’s (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA) work to assemble amino acids into protein molecule. One big difference in base pairs → Thymine is now Uracil in RNA

Sickle Cell Anemia

Amino Acid Polarities

Protein Synthesis

Gene Expression and Genetic Code In genes there are sequences called exons and introns Exons = portion of gene that codes for an amino acid Introns = non-coding ‘garbage’ Genes can jump to new locations transposons Transposons create mutations

Mutations Random permanent changes in the DNA Types of mutation – chart pg 346 in text –Additions -reading frame-shift –Deletions- reading frame-shift –Substitutions –Inversions –Translocations –Transposons

Vocab words to know Template Hydrogen bonds Peptide bonds Triplet, codon, anticodon Splicing, (ligase) Intron, Exon Mutations

Compare and contrast DNA / RNA Practice sheets in packet Reference to DNA Reference to RNA Reference to both DNA and RNA Reference to neither DNA and RNA