Cells

What are cells? All living organisms are made up of cellsAll living organisms are made up of cells Some cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoaSome cells are complete organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa Other cells are specialized components of multi-cellular organisms (ex nerve, liver, and muscle cells)Other cells are specialized components of multi-cellular organisms (ex nerve, liver, and muscle cells)

Characteristics of cells 1. Living things are composed of cells. 2. Living things reproduce, grow, and repair themselves. 3. Living things have a life span. 4. Living things respond to their environment. 5. Living things require energy. 6. Living things produce waste. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Cells have… A surrounding membraneA surrounding membrane Cells have a water-rich substance called the cytoplasmCells have a water-rich substance called the cytoplasm DNA is found inside cellsDNA is found inside cells

Two types of cells ProkaryotesProkaryotes BacteriaBacteria Eukaryotes Plant and animal cells

The difference between Plant and Animal Cells Animal CellsAnimal CellsPlant Cells

1. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall 1. Plant cells have a rigid cell wall 2. Large Vacuole 3. Chloroplasts that convert light energy to chemical energy

Animal Cell

Plant Cell

What are cell made of? Cells are composed primarily of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, the elements that make up the majority or organic compoundsCells are composed primarily of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen, the elements that make up the majority or organic compounds Water makes up 60 to 65 percent of the cellWater makes up 60 to 65 percent of the cell

Plasma Membrane Animal Cells What it really looks like! The plasma membrane is a permeable or semi- permeable structure that permits the exchange of water and molecules between the inside and the outside of the cell

Cell Walls The presence of a cell wall makes these cells rigid and sturdy, but it poses special problems for the transport of substances into and out of the cellThe presence of a cell wall makes these cells rigid and sturdy, but it poses special problems for the transport of substances into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is the warm-rich matrix within a cell that contains and surrounds the other cellular contents

Nucleus of a cell A nucleus is an organelle within the cytoplasm of a cell.A nucleus is an organelle within the cytoplasm of a cell. DNA is organized inside the nucleus into structural units called chromosomes.DNA is organized inside the nucleus into structural units called chromosomes. The DNA in each chromosome is a single, very long, highly coiled molecule subdivided into functional subunits called genes.The DNA in each chromosome is a single, very long, highly coiled molecule subdivided into functional subunits called genes.

Vacuoles Balloon-like spaceBalloon-like space Storage for surplus food, wastes and other substancesStorage for surplus food, wastes and other substances

Endoplasmic Reticulum Folded Membrane that make up canalsFolded Membrane that make up canals Canals transport materials to different parts of the cell.Canals transport materials to different parts of the cell.

Mitochondria Oval-shaped organelles Where food is broken down to make energy

Chloroplasts (Plant Cells only) Where photosynthesis takes place.Where photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to make carbohydrates.Photosynthesis uses energy from the sun to make carbohydrates.