PROTIST AND FUNGI

Kingdom Protista  Protists are divided into three  categories:  –Animal-like  –Fungus-like  –Plant-like  Protists can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

 Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae.

Animal-like Protists Protozoans: Able to move and obtain their food They are Heterotrophic and unicellular Four methods of movement: –Pseudopods: Temporary bulges of the cell membrane. “false foot” –Cillia: Hair-like projections that move with a wavelike Pattern –Flagella –Other – Usually parasites

Fungus-like Protists Like fungi, these protists are heterotrophs, have cell walls, and use spores to reproduce. Unlike fungi, these protists are able to move. Spore: A tiny cell that is able to grow into a new organism  Ex: Mold/Mildew

Plant-like Protists Commonly called algae Autotrophic

Protists Locomotion  3 types of movement:  Pseudopod (false foot)  Flagella/cilia  Contractile vacuoles

DiseaseProtistVector (carrier) SymptomsDetails Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica waterdiarrheacan get from tap water in some places Giardaisis (beaver fever) Giardiawaterdiarrhea, vomiting don't drink water from streams African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Tse tse flyuncontrolled sleepiness, confusion Only found in isolated areas lives in blood Malaria PlasmodiumAnopheles mosquito fever, chills, death can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmacatsfetal death or brain damage pregnant women should avoid cat litter

Protists Disease  Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica

Protists Disease  African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma

Protists Disease  Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma

Giardiasis (beaver fever)

Malaria

 Protists can be either helpful or harmful to humans.  Algae is used in many products such as toothpaste, pudding, and ice cream and the sparkle that make makes road lines visible at night!  But many protozoans are parasites that cause disease in animals.

Protists in the Environment  Algae is an important food for many aquatic animals and also creates oxygen in our waters (autotrophic)  However, algae can cause problems. Algal bloom is when red algae blooms in excessive amounts. The huge amount of waste product from the algae becomes toxic and can kill fish and humans.  Some protozoans live in a termites digestive tract and help digest the wood the termite eats

Dichotomous Key  A dichotomous key is a tool that allows the user to determine the identity of items in the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish. Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user to the correct name of a given item. "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

1. A. one pair of wings B. Two pairs of wings

Kingdom Fungi Most fungi share three important characteristics: –Eukaryotes –Use spores to reproduce –Heterotrophs -All fungi have a cell wall

 Unicellularmulticellular  YeastMushroom

 Hyphae: Branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies if multicellular fungi

How do fungi obtain food? The fungus grows hyphae into its food source Digestive chemicals ooze from the hyphae into the food  The digestive chemicals break down the food into small substances that can be absorbed into the hyphae.

Fungi Reproduction  Asexual  –Budding – a small yeast cell  grows from the body of a  fungus. It eventually breaks  away.

 Sexual –The hyphae of two fungi grow together and genetic material is exchanged. A new structure grows from the joined hyphae.

Why is Fungi muy importante? Environmental decomposers Provide food Cause diseases Fight diseases

Fungi Locomotion  Fungi are stationary  They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

Fungi Nutrition  All fungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter - Mutualists – live symbiotically - Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

Fungi Classification Four groups based on the shape of the spore- producing structures, and ability to reproduce sexually:  – Threadlike, Sac, Club, imperfect

 Threadlike Fungi – 600 species of molds, produce spores in their hyphae  Sac Fungi – 30,000 species,produce spores in structures that look like sacks. reproduce by “budding” = asexual method  Ex: Yeast

 Club Fungi – 25,000 species,produce spores in structures that look like clubs.  Reproduce by spores, some spores are asexual and some are sex spores Imperfect Fungi – 25,000 species, do not reproduce sexually,  Pharmaceutically important! - Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted COMMERCIALLY important! - Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese! - Used to make soy sauce. Yum!

 Zygospore Fungi- fuzzy black mold that you sometimes find growing on an old piece of bread. When two hyphae fuse in this type of fungi, they form a zygospore.  Sporangia-are reproductive structures that contain spores.  Produces spores  Through asexual  reproduction

Lichen  Is formed when a fungus and either a green alga or a cyanobacterium live together.  The ala or cyanobacterium get a moist protected place to live, and the fungus gets food made by the green alga or cyanobacterium. This is called a symbiotic relationship.  Lichens help monitor pollution levels in an area because they are very sensitive to pollutants in air and rain and will quickly disappear.

Mycorrhizae  Fungi can form an extensive web around roots of plants called mycorrhizae. The fungi help plants absorb water and nutrients and the plants provide the fungi with food.  Some plants can not grow unless mycorrhizae is present.

Fungi and Humans  Yeast is a type of fungi that produces CO2 during anaerobic respiration. This CO2 is what causes dough to rise when making bread.  Many fungi produce antibiotics such as Penicillin.  Other types of fungi kill crops and cost farmers billions of $ worth of damages.  Some can grow on or in your body such as athletes foot and ring worm EWWWW

Ringworm

Penicillin

Athletes foot