SEED PLANTS

1. contain vascular tissue a. thick walls give plant support b. food moves downward through phloem c. water/nutrients move upward through xylem SEED PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

2. contain pollen and seeds a. do not need water for fertilization b. produce pollen (structures that contain cells that become sperm cells) c. pollen delivers sperm to egg and seed develops d. seeds protect young plants from drying out CONTINUED

ROOTS 1. Types of Roots a. fibrous i. many similarly sized roots, dense, tangled mass ii. grass, corn, onions b. taproot i. one long, thick root others branch off ii. carrots, dandelions, cacti

2. Structure a. root cap on tip – protects from injury b. area of dividing cells c. root hairs – absorb water and minerals, anchor plant d. contain phloem and xylem ROOTS

1. Function a. supports plant/holds up leaves to expose to sun b. carries substances between roots & leaves STEMS

2. Structure a. herbaceous or woody b. both contain phloem/xylem and support cells c. woody stems layers i. bark – outermost layer ii. cambium – cells that divide to make new phloem and xylem iii. xylem makes up wood STEMS

3. Annual Rings a. made of xylem b. in spring, xylem cells large with thin walls c. in summer, grow slowly – small with thick walls d. one pair = 1 year e. scientists can infer weather patterns from rings STEMS

1. Structure a. cuticle – waxy, waterproof layer b. upper leaf cells – tightly packed, trap sun c. lower leaf cells – widely spaced, allow CO2 and oxygen through d. xylem/phloem e. stomata f. structure ideal for photosynthesis 2. Control loss of water by cuticles and closing stomata LEAVES

1. Structure a. embryo i. young plant develops from zygote ii. contains cotedyledons (seed leaves) b. stored food i. in cotyledons ii. outside the embryo c. seed coat i. protects embryo and food from drying out ii. some seeds surrounded by a fruit HOW SEEDS BECOME NEW PLANTS

2. Dispersal a. other organisms eating fruits/digestion b. sticking to other organisms c. rivers/oceans d. wind moves lightweight seeds e. some plants shoot out seeds HOW SEEDS BECOME NEW PLANTS