The Periodic Table: Basics

Why is the Periodic Table important to me? The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist. You get to use it on every test! You get to use it on every test! It organizes lots of information about all the known elements. It organizes lots of information about all the known elements.

The Father of the Periodic Table— Dimitri Mendeleev HOW HIS WORKED… Put elements in rows by increasing atomic weight. Put elements in rows by increasing atomic weight. Put elements in columns by the way they reacted. Put elements in columns by the way they reacted. SOME PROBLEMS… He left blank spaces He left blank spaces He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar elements together. He broke the pattern of increasing atomic weight to keep similar elements together.

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The Current Periodic Table The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The vertical columns are called groups or families and are labeled from 1 to 18. The vertical columns are called groups or families and are labeled from 1 to 18.

The Periodic Table Column = Group or Family 18 columns on the Periodic Table Row = Period 7 rows on the Periodic Table

Groups on the Periodic Table Columns are also grouped into families. Columns are also grouped into families. Groups may be one column, or several columns put together. Groups may be one column, or several columns put together.

Groups on the Periodic Table Families or groups have names and numbers. * hand out periodic tables

Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized.

Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized.

Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized.

Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized.

Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. Box the Families on your Periodic Table like I have them below. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized. You need to have the names and group numbers of these families Memorized.

I want you to Color Code your PT like this (colors don’t matter; any three colors will do so long as you can still read the information). Key: = metals =metalloids =nonmetals

Metals, Nonmetals, and Semi-metals Metals are to the left of the stair- step Only nonmetal on the metal side Nonmetals are on the right of the stair-step Semi-metals, “metalloids,” touch the stair-step Draw in the staircase:

Group 1: The Alkali Metals Most reactive metals on the PT Most reactive metals on the PT Rarely found free in nature Rarely found free in nature 1 st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen 1 st column on the periodic table (Group 1) not including hydrogen Group 1 ions always have a charge of +1 Group 1 ions always have a charge of +1 hCHedVB4

Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own. Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. (what does DI-atomic mean?) Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas. (what does DI-atomic mean?)

Representative Elements The Groups or Families can be further categorized into the Representative Elements and the Transition Metals Label!

Representative Elements The Representative Elements are those elements within the first two families (Groups I and II on the far left) and the last six families or groups (on the right) of the Periodic Table. The Transition Metals are the elements in those Groups within the middle of the Table.

Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals Still quite reactive Still quite reactive Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca Group 2 ions always have a charge of +2 Group 2 ions always have a charge of +2

Groups 3-12: Transition Metals Found freely and in compounds in nature Found freely and in compounds in nature Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. Includes metals used in jewelry and construction. Metals used “as metal.” Metals used “as metal.” Transition metal ions can have different ionic charges Transition metal ions can have different ionic charges

Group 13: Boron Family Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.” Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.” Group 13 ions always have a charge of +3 Group 13 ions always have a charge of +3

Group 14: The Carbon Family Contains elements that can form unusual bonds (carbon and silicon) Contains elements that can form unusual bonds (carbon and silicon) Contains elements important to life and computers. Contains elements important to life and computers. Group 14 ions can have a charge of + or -4 Group 14 ions can have a charge of + or -4

Group 15: The Nitrogen Family Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things. Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere. Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere. Group 15 ions always have a charge of -3 Group 15 ions always have a charge of -3

Group 16: The Oxygen Family Oxygen is necessary for respiration. Oxygen is necessary for respiration. Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.) Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks,etc.) Group 16 ions always have a charge of -2 Group 16 ions always have a charge of -2

Group 17: The Halogens Most reactive nonmetals Most reactive nonmetals Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth. Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth. Group 17 ions always have a charge of -1 Group 17 ions always have a charge of -1

Group 18: The Noble Gases (The Inert Gases) Nonreactive Nonreactive Used in lighted “neon” signs Used in lighted “neon” signs Group 18 elements do not ever form ions Group 18 elements do not ever form ions

What does the information in the box tell me? 1HHydrogen Atomic Number = # of protons Atomic Mass = # of protons plus neutrons Elemental Symbol

With more detail:

Inner Transition Metals Lanthanides Actinides

Metals These elements are shiny when smooth and clean. These elements are shiny when smooth and clean. They are solids at room temperature, and good conductors of heat and electricity They are solids at room temperature, and good conductors of heat and electricity

NONMETALS These elements are gases or brittle. These elements are gases or brittle. They are dull solids that are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They are dull solids that are poor conductors of heat and electricity.

Metalloids These elements have physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals. These elements have physical and chemical properties of both metals and nonmetals.

List some examples of each in your notes: metals nonmetals metalloids

One more thing! IF AN ATOM IS NEUTRAL: IF AN ATOM IS NEUTRAL: The # of p+ EQUALS the # of e- The # of p+ EQUALS the # of e- The number of neutrons is equal to the atomic mass rounded to the nearest whole number minus the # of p+ The number of neutrons is equal to the atomic mass rounded to the nearest whole number minus the # of p+ So: So: