EVOLUTION IS ….. The change in the characteristics of a population over time.

THE HISTORY OF LIFE EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH EVIDENCE HOW OLD IS SOMETHING? WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME? FIRST CELLS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

WHAT DO YOU THINK EARLY EARTH WAS LIKE? HOW OLD IS THE EARTH? –4.5 BILLION YEARS HOW DID THE EARTH FORM? –BIG BANG - GRAVITY CAUSES DUST PARTICLES TO CONDENSE –METEORS FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS - HOW HOT WOULD THE EARTH BE? –EARTH HAS TO COOL DOWN - STEAM ESCAPES AND RAIN ALLOWS COLLECTION OF WATER ATMOSPHERE OF AMMONIA, METHANE, WATER VAPOR, CO2, AND NITROGEN WHAT IS MISSING?????

THE HISTORY OF LIFE EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH EVIDENCE HOW OLD IS SOMETHING? WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME? FIRST CELLS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

WHAT EVIDENCE DO SCIENTISTS USE? FOSSILS! –TRACE –MOLD –CAST –AMBER –IMPRINT –PETRIFIED Images courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution:

THE HISTORY OF LIFE EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH EVIDENCE HOW OLD IS SOMETHING? WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME? FIRST CELLS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

WHERE ARE FOSSILS USUALLY FOUND? WHO STUDIES THESE? –PALEONTOLOGISTS HOW DO SCIENTISTS DETERMINE THE AGE OF SOMETHING BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD? –RELATIVE DATING –RADIOMETRIC DATING Understanding Evolution:

Radiometric Dating The estimation of the age of an object by measuring its contents of certain radioactive isotopes.

THE HISTORY OF LIFE EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH EVIDENCE HOW OLD IS SOMETHING? WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME? FIRST CELLS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

GEOLOGICAL TIME TOO OLD FOR YEARS OR MONTHS FOUR ERAS DEPENDING IN WHICH ORGANISMS LIVED –PRECAMBRIAN –PALEOZOIC –MESOZOIC –CENOZOIC

WHY DO WE HAVE DIFFERENT ERA’S? Image courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution:

PRECAMBRIAN WHAT DO SCIENTISTS THINK WAS ALIVE WAY BACK THEN?? BACTERIA THIS ERA LASTED FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS UNTIL MORE LIVING ORGANISMS EVOLVED Dr Gordon Beakes © University of Newcastle upon Tyne licensed Dr Tom Tregenza © Tom Tregenza IMAGES for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,

PALEOZOIC ERA 540 MILLION YEARS AGO!! NOW THE EARTH IS GETTING LARGER LIFE! FIRST PART OF PALEOZOIC IS CALLED CAMBRIAN PROTISTS! SEA PLANTS! SEA ANIMALS! LAND PLANTS! LAND ANIMALS! WHAT ENDED THE PALEOZOIC ERA?? MASS EXTINCTION! Dr. Thomas W. Kammer IMAGES for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,

Image courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution:

MESOZOIC ERA 245 MILLION YEARS AGO!! DINOSAURS REPTILES SMALL MAMMALS APPEAR BIRDS EVOLVE PLATE TECTONICS WHAT ENDED THE MESOZOIC ERA? MASS EXTINCTION! METERORITE???

Image courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution:

CENOZOIC ERA 66 MILLION YEARS AGO! MAMMALS FLOURISH PRIMATES ABOUT 30 MILLION YEARS AGO MODERN HUMAN SPECIES – ABOUT 200,000 YEARS AGO

Tom Tregenza © Tom Tregenza Dr Gordon Beakes © University of Newcastle upon Tyne Prof Paul F. Brain © University of Wales, Swansea licensed for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,

THE HISTORY OF LIFE EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH EVIDENCE HOW OLD IS SOMETHING? WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME? FIRST CELLS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech

HOW WERE THE FIRST CELLS MADE? DOES ANYONE KNOW FOR SURE? SPONATEOUS GENERATION VS BIOGENESIS FRANCESCO REDI LOUIS PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT

LOUIS PASTEUR  Pasteur filled a flask with medium, heated it to kill all life, and then drew out the neck of the flask into a long S.  This prevented microorganisms in the air from entering the flask, yet allowed air to flow freely.  If the swan neck was broken, microbes could enter the flask and grow.

ALEXANDER OPARIN - CREATION OF MACROMOLECULES WITHOUT OXYGEN STANLEY MILLER AND HAROLD UREY EXPERIMENT creative commons copyright

FIRST BACTERIA AROUND 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO SOME ARE CYANOBACTERIA - THESE ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA - HMMMMMMM WHAT ARE THESE BACTERIA GOING TO PRODUCE? ALMOST 10% ABOUT 2.5 BILLION YEARS AGO WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE BACTERIA? WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE ALL OTHER ORGANISMS? WHERE DID EUKARYOTIC CELLS COME FROM? ENDOSYMBIOSIS ONE CELL ORGANISMS NOW! Dr Gordon Beakes © University of Newcastle upon Tyne licensed for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,

THE HISTORY OF LIFE EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH EVIDENCE HOW OLD IS SOMETHING? WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME? FIRST CELLS ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY

evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/endosymbiosis_03 ENDOSYMBIOSIS BEGINNING OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELLS EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS DNA

EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin Traveled to the Galapagos Islands where he did research and developed his theories of Evolution

Fossils Anatomy Development Biological Molecules Models Examples

FOSSILS Preserved or mineralized remains Studied by Paleontologists

FOSSILS Fossils found in older rock are different from those found in newer rock The further you dig down, the longer ago the species lived on earth Horseshoe crab: still alive today! 550 million years old: Ediacara – oldest animal fossil

FOSSILS Radiometric dating: measure radioactive isotopes Half-life: time it takes for ½ of a given amount of radioisotope to decay