Water And The Major Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water And The Body Fluids Functions of water: –Transport –Structural support for molecules –Participates in metabolic reactions –Solvent –Lubricant –Body temperature regulation –Maintains blood volume Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Intracellular fluid –Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

One Cell And Its Associated Fluids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Water intake Dehydration Water intoxication Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water And The Body Fluids Water balance and recommended intakes –Water sources –Water losses –Water recommendations Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water balance and recommended intakes –Health effects of water Hard water vs. soft water Bottled water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water balance and recommended intakes –Health effects of water Hard water vs. soft water Bottled water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

How The Body Regulates Blood Volume

Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Dissociation of salt in water –Ions Cations Anions –Electrolyte solution Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Water Dissolves Salts And Follows Electrolytes

Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Electrolytes attract water Water follows electrolytes –Solutes –Osmosis –Osmotic pressure Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vegetables “sweat” when sprinkled with salt Raisins plump up when immersed in water

Fluid And Electrolyte Balance Proteins regulate flow of fluids and ions Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluid And Electrolyte Imbalance Sodium and chloride most easily lost Different solutes lost by different routes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluid And Electrolyte Imbalance Replacing lost fluids and electrolytes –Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Acid-Base Balance pH Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Acid-Base Balance Regulation by the buffers –Bicarbonate –Carbonic acid Regulation by the lungs Regulation by the kidneys Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Minerals - An Overview

Inorganic elements The body’s handling of minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Minerals - An Overview Variable bioavailability –Binders Phytates Oxalates Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Minerals - An Overview Nutrient interactions Varied roles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium Roles in the body –Principal extracellular cation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium Hypertension –Salt sensitivity Osteoporosis Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 500 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sodium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Muscle cramps, mental apathy, loss of appetite Toxicity symptoms –Edema, acute hypertension Significant source –Table salt, soy sauce –Moderate amounts in meats, milks, breads, and vegetables –Large amounts in processed foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chloride Chlorine (Cl 2 ) vs. chloride ion (Cl - ) Roles in body –Principal extracellular anion Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chloride: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 750 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Part of hydrochloric acid found in the stomach, necessary for proper digestion Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chloride: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Do not occur under normal circumstances Toxicity symptom –Vomiting Significant sources –Table salt, soy sauce –Moderate amounts in meats, milks, eggs –Large amounts in processed foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium Principal intracellular cation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium: In Summary 1989 estimated minimum requirement for adults: 2000 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance –Facilitates many reactions –Supports cell integrity –Assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Muscular weakness –Paralysis –Confusion Toxicity symptoms –Muscular weakness –Vomiting –If given into a vein, can stop the heart Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Potassium: In Summary Significant sources –All whole foods –Meats, milks, fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium Balance Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium Calcium rigor vs. calcium tetany Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary 1997 adequate intake (AI) –Adults years: 1000 mg/day –Adults 51 and older: 1200 mg/day Upper level for adults: 2500 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones and teeth –Involved in muscle contraction and relaxation, nerve functioning, blood clotting –Blood pressure, immune defenses Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Stunted growth in children –Bone loss (osteoporosis) in adults Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Toxicity symptoms –Constipation –Increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction –Interference with absorption of other minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Calcium: In Summary Significant sources –Milk and milk products –Small fish (with bones) –Tofu (bean curd), greens (broccoli, chard), legumes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phosphorus 1997 RDA for adults: 700 mg/day Upper level for adults (19-70 years): 4000 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Mineralization of bones and teeth –Part of every cell –Important in genetic material, part of phospholipids Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phosphorus Chief functions in the body (continued) –Used in energy transfer and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base balance Deficiency symptoms –Muscular weakness, bone pain Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phosphorus Toxicity symptoms –Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys Significant sources –All animal tissues (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, milk) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Magnesium 1997 RDA –Men (19-30 years): 400 mg/day –Women (19-30 years): 310 mg/day Upper level for adults: 350 mg nonfood magnesium/day Chief functions in the body –Bone mineralization, building of protein, enzyme action, normal muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, maintenance of teeth, and functioning of immune system Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Magnesium Deficiency symptoms –Weakness –Confusion –If extreme, convulsions, bizarre muscle movements (especially of eye and face muscles), hallucinations, and difficulty in swallowing –In children, growth failure Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Magnesium Toxicity symptoms –From nonfood sources only –Diarrhea, alkalosis, dehydration Significant sources –Nuts, legumes –Whole grains –Dark green vegetables –Seafood –Chocolate, cocoa Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Sulfur Roles Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration –Cortical bone –Trabecular bone Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Healthy vs. Osteoporotic Trabecular Bones

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Bone development and disintegration –Bone density Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Age and bone calcium Maximizing bone mass Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Minimizing bone loss Gender and hormones Genetics and ethnicity Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Physical activity and body weight Smoking and alcohol Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Dietary calcium is the key to prevention Other nutrients play a supporting role Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Osteoporosis And Calcium A perspective on supplements –Antacids –Bone meal –Oyster shell –Dolomite (limestone) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

The Trace Minerals Food sources Deficiencies Toxicities Interactions Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Ferrous (Fe ++ ) –Reduced Ferric (Fe +++ ) –Oxidized Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Absorption Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption –MFP factor –Vitamin C –Citric acid from foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors enhance nonheme iron absorption –Lactic acid from foods –HCl from stomach –Sugars Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption –Phytates –Fibers –Oxalates Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Factors inhibit nonheme iron absorption –Calcium –Phosphorus –EDTA –Tannic acid Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Recycling Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron High risk for iron deficiency –Women in their reproductive years –pregnant women –Infants and young children –Teenagers Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron Stages of iron deficiency –Iron stores diminish –Transport iron decreases –Hemoglobin production declines Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Both size and color are normal in these blood cells Blood cells in iron-deficiency anemia are small and pale because they contain less hemoglobin

Iron Contamination iron Iron supplements Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary 2001 RDA –Men: 8 mg/day –Women (19-50 years): 18 mg/day –Women (51+ years): 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 45 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Chief functions in the body –Part of the protein hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood –Part of the protein myoglobin in muscles, which makes oxygen available for muscle contraction –Necessary for the utilization of energy as part of the cells’ metabolic machinery Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Significant sources –Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, eggs –Legumes, dried fruits Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches –Impaired work performance and cognitive function –Impaired immunity –Pale skin, nailbeds, mucous membranes, and palm creases –Concave nails –Inability to regulate body temperature –Pica Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iron: In Summary Toxicity symptoms –GI distress –Iron overload: infections, fatigue, joint pain, skin pigmentation, organ damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Roles –Metalloenzymes Absorption –Metallothionein Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Enteropancreatic circulation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Zinc supplementation Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary 2001 RDA –Men: 11 mg/day –Women: 8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 40 mg/day Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary Chief functions in the body –Part of many enzymes –Associated with the hormone insulin –Involved in making genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Significant sources –Protein- containing foods –Red meats, shellfish –Whole grains Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc Deficiency symptoms –Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Zinc: In Summary Toxicity symptoms –Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine Iodine vs. iodide Deficiency –Goitrogens Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary 2001 RDA for adults: 150 g/day Upper level: 1100 g/day Chief functions in the body –A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary Significant sources –Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants Deficiency disease –Simple goiter –Cretinism Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Iodine: In Summary Deficiency symptoms –Underactive thyroid gland, goiter –Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism) Toxicity symptoms –Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Selenium 2000 RDA for adults: 55 g/day Upper level for adults: 400 g/day Chief functions in the body –Defends against oxidation –Regulates thyroid hormone Significant sources –Seafood, meat –Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Selenium Deficiency symptoms –Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease) Toxicity symptoms –Loss and brittleness of hair and nails –Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders –Garlic breath odor Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copper 2001 RDA for adults: 900 g/day Upper level for adults: 10,000 g/day (10 mg/day) Chief functions in the body –Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin –Part of several enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Copper Significant sources –Seafood –Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes Deficiency symptoms –Anemia, bone abnormalities Toxicity symptoms –Liver damage Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Manganese 2001 AI –Men: 2.3 mg/day –Women: 1.8 mg/day Upper level for adults: 11 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Cofactor for several enzymes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Manganese Significant sources –Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea Deficiency symptoms –Rare Toxicity symptoms –Nervous system disorders Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluoride 1997 AI –Men: 3.8 mg/day –Women: 3.1 mg/day Upper level for adults: 10 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Involved in the formation of bones and teeth –Helps to make teeth resistant to decay Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Fluoride Significant sources –Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated) –Tea, seafood Deficiency symptoms –Susceptibility to tooth decay Toxicity symptoms –Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth) Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chromium 2001 AI –Men: 35 g/day –Women: 25 g/day Chief functions in the body –Enhances insulin action Significant sources –Meats (especially liver) –Whole grains, brewer’s yeast Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Chromium Deficiency symptoms –Diabetes-like condition Toxicity symptoms –None reported Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Molybdenum 2001 AI for adults: 45 g/day Upper level for adults: 2 mg/day Chief functions in the body –Cofactor for several enzymes Significant sources –Legumes, cereals –Organ meats Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Molybdenum Deficiency symptoms –Unknown Toxicity symptoms –None reported –Reproductive effects in animals Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Other Trace Minerals Nickel Silicon Vanadium Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Other Trace Minerals Cobalt Boron Arsenic Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Contaminant Minerals Heavy metals –Lead Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods

Defending against cancer Defending against heart disease Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Functional foods... –from nature –from manufacturers Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Phytochemicals And Functional Foods Functional foods –Inconclusive research –Food labels –Safety –Overall healthfulness of products Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning