August 28, Waste Inventory Records Keeping Systems United States of America Douglas Tonkay U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC Office of Commercial Disposition Options

August 28, Objectives Overview of radioactive waste classes Overview strategies for waste disposal Review regulatory requirements Identify waste information collected Describe selected WIRKS at disposal sites Describe the Manifest Information Management System

August 28, Nuclear waste – significant experience Both government and commercial sectors, authority via the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended Defense waste – ~60 years Nuclear fuel cycle, industry, power and research reactors, medicine, and academic institutions produce civilian waste – ~50 years Recordkeeping requirements in Federal and State regulations States have hazardous waste authority, under Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

August 28, Radioactive Waste Classification in the United States

August 28, 20055

6 General Overview of Waste Acceptance Process Waste generators have waste acceptance criteria stemming from license conditions and/or performance assessment Generators/processors are approved/certified to ship waste based on program reviews by disposal site operators Generators/processors develop “profiles” for each waste stream, which are individually approved by disposal sites prior to shipment Waste shipments under approved profiles are documented in manifests

August 28, Locations of Nuclear Power Plants, Research Reactors and Spent Fuel Storage Facilities

August 28, Disposal Facilities in the U.S. Commercial (LLW) 3 Operating facilities: Barnwell, SC; Richland, WA, and Clive, UT Future site near Andrews, TX in licensing Government (USDOE) Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (TRU waste) LLW disposal at 5 sites 4 Sites with disposal cells open from cleanup Mixed LLW disposal at 2 sites Future HLW repository at Yucca Mountain, NV

October 25, DOE’s Waste Disposal Facility Configuration Hanford Pantex Plant Rocky Flats Brookhaven Knolls Princeton (PPPL) Savannah River Oak Ridge ITRI General Atomics ETEC Sandia SLAC LBNL LEHR LLNL Ames RMI ANL-E Fermi Portsmouth Paducah Mound BCL Bettis Kansas City ANL-W NTS INL CERCLA Disposal Facility Fernald Regional Disposal Facility DOE Generator Site (no on-site disposal facility) LLW Operations Disposal Facility MLLW Operations Disposal Facility MLLW Operations Disposal Facility (currently on-site waste only) Legend Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) LANL Sandia WIPP West Valley Planned geologic repository

August 28, Waste Inventory Record Keeping in the United States “Haves” WIRKS at disposal sites, Record retention and archival requirements Uniform manifests to ensure data is passed from generator to disposal site operator Manifest Information Management System for commercial LLW shipments “Have not” National level WIRKS, except NRC inventories of spent nuclear fuel & sealed sources

August 28, Regulatory Requirements Commercial generators subject to U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission or Agreement State regulations (33 of 50 states) Department of Energy subject to similar Orders and regulations DOE Radioactive Waste Management Order includes recordkeeping requirements Separate regulations (RCRA) apply to hazardous waste (MLLW and TRU)

August 28, NRC (and compatible Agreement State) Regulations Land disposal (LLW) in 40 CFR Part 61 Maintain and retain records during life of facility Electronic records keeping system Transfer after closure to government Data elements specified Geologic disposal (HLW) in 40 CFR Part 60 Maintain and retain records during facility operations and for future generations (WIRKS not yet built) History of waste (storage, shipment, disposal) Detailed information on waste placement, access ramps, shafts, site boundaries etc.

August 28, Waste Information Sources Waste generators create manifests to ship waste to processors/brokers or disposal sites Brokers and processors generate manifests that may combine data from several generators into a single manifest prior to disposal Waste disposal operators Generate disposal data, e.g., location and disposal barriers or overpacks Maintain data over facility lifetime and follow regulations for archival upon closure

August 28, Manifest Index and Regional Compact Tabulation (Form 542) Waste collector/process Name, ID number, shipping date, & manifest # From all original processed waste generators and/or collected waste generators Generator name, ID #, address, & telephone # Preprocessed waste volume Manifest number (as received) and receipt date Waste code p=processed or c=collected Originating compact or state Total mass, grams of SNM, activity, and volume

August 28,

August 28, Manifest Container and Waste Description (Form 541) Manifest totals Disposal container description ID#, type, volume, weight, surface rad level, surface contamination Waste description in each container Physical, chemical, & radiological, includes sorbents, solidification, and chelating agents, Waste classification (A, B, and C)

August 28, Comparison of Uniform Manifest with IAEA WIRKS data = in NRC manifest = in disposal site WIRKS = in RCRA documentation

August 28, Where to find Manifest Forms Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest -- Container and Waste Description Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest -- Container and Waste Description (continuation) Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest -- Manifest Index and Regional Compact Tabulation Uniform Low-Level Radioactive Waste Manifest --Manifest Index and Regional Compact Tabulation (continuation)

August 28, Examples of DOE Site WIRKS Solid Waste Information Tracking System (SWITS) Integrated Waste Tracking System (IWTS) at Idaho National Laboratory Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Waste Information Management System (WWIS)

August 28, SWITS Used for solid (LLW and TRU) waste management at Hanford site Waste stream profiles developed and approved Manages characterization data on containers (both radiological and hazardous) Tracks waste from accumulation to disposition

August 28, IWTS Many similar features as SWITS Information on waste characterization, container characterization, and waste movement/processing 3-tiered facility models, using x-y-z grids to represent waste management facilities Allows real-time remote inventory and verification Accommodates historical “genealogy” information to trace combination of various containers or vice-versa

August 28, WWIS Used for TRU waste disposal at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Generators use WWIS to submit: Waste stream profiles (characterization module) Characterization data on specific containers (certification module) Shipping information on assembled containers, dunnage, etc. (shipping module) DOE uses WWIS to approve waste streams, certify waste, approve shipments Internet-based access to generators/shippers Includes emplacement and approval/certification data

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August 28, WWIS Shipment Assemblies

August 28, WWIS Shipment Payload Data

August 28, WWIS Information and Sources

August 28, WWIS Information and Sources

August 28, WWIS Public Access Information

August 28, Manifest Information Management System Similar to a “National WIRKS” Covers commercial LLW shipped to disposal Data extracted from disposal site operators’ WIRKS Data collected since 1985 Barnwell, South Carolina (operating) Richland, Washington (operating) Beatty, Nevada (closed) Envirocare of Utah (operating)

August 28, Manifest Information Management System Publicly available on the internet at: Limited Information available either by manifest or user specified time period Waste volumes and activity Shipper ID Waste class and generator class

August 28, Summary The US has multiple waste classes and disposal facilities The US does not have a national WIRKS, with the exception of spent fuel and sealed sources The uniform waste manifest used in the commercial sector ensures information flow from generation thru disposal Regulations require waste record keeping systems and records archival at all disposal facilities