Cells Organelles Specialization Communication

What is Alive? All living things are:  Made of cells  Obtain energy  Metabolize  Evolve  Respond  Reproduce

Cell Theory Came about through many scientists contributions The Cell Theory States That all Living Organisms Are: Made of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function Cell come only from pre-existing cells

Kingdoms Prokaryotic Cell Membrane No organelles except ribosomes Free DNA – no nucleus Eukaryotic Cell Membrane Many membrane bound organelles Membrane bound nucleus

Eukaryote Cell

Cell Diversity Cell Size  Size is limited by resources  Must be able to transport materials into and out of the cell  Surface area grows slower than cell volume

Cell Diversity - Shape Cells come in a variety of shapes Shape is linked to function

Shapes and Sizes

Cell Organization Organelles – a cell component that performs specific functions for the cell  Similar to our bodies organ system

Nucleus PlantAnimal The nucleus houses the majority of genetic material of a cell The nucleus directs the production of proteins. Made of proteins and nucleic acids

Nucleolus PlantAnimal Where Ribosomes are made Made of nucleic acids and proteins

Chromatin ProkaryotePlantAnimal Made of nucleic acid and protein

Nuclear Membrane or Envelope PlantAnimal Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus Made of lipids

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum PlantAnimal Manufactures proteins and ships them Made of lipids and proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum PlantAnimal Responsible for lipid synthesis  Steroids Processes a variety of metabolic processes  Regulates calcium  Removes toxins Made of lipids and proteins

Ribosomes Prokaryote Plant Animal Carry out protein synthesis Made of proteins and nucleic acids

Golgi Complex or Apparatus PlantAnimal Package proteins for export Made of lipids and proteins

Mitochondria PlantAnimal Site of cellular respiration ATP is created which is used for energy by the cell Made of lipid, protein, and nucleic acids

Vacuole PlantAnimal Containment units for anything in excess Plant cells have a central vacuole that is important in maintaining plant turgidity Made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

Lysosomes Animal Digestive sacs that can break down macromolecules in the cell using the process of hydrolysis Made of proteins and lipids

Chloroplast Plant Site of photosynthesis a process in which the plant uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to create energy in the form of glucose Made of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Centrioles Animal Assist in cellular division Made of protein

Cytoplasm Prokaryote Plant Animal A semi-fluid substance (think gelatin) found inside the cell. It encases, cushions, and protects the internal organelles. Made of all organic compounds and water

Cytoskeleton Prokaryotes Plants Animals Makes up the internal framework Made of microtubules It is important for cell movement and cell division Made of protein

Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane Prokaryote Plant Animal Forms a barrier between the inside of the cell and the outside, so that the chemical environments on the two sides can be different  Semi-permeable Made of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

Cell Wall ProkaryotePlant Rigid wall that protects the cells internal environment from the external environment Made of carbohydrates

Hierarchy of Multicellular Organization 1. Cell 2. Tissue – A group of similar cells that perform specific functions 3. Organ – A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.  Many types of tissue can make up one organ 4. Organ system – A group of organs working together to perform a certain function

Cell Specialization Certain cells are modified to perform a particular function within an organism Examples:  Pancreas cells – have a lot of ER and free ribosomes to make digestive enzymes for food digestion  Muscle cells -have a lot of mitochondria to produce energy for muscle contraction  Tracheal cells – Have a lot of cilia to help remove dust or dirt from the air we breathe