1. Large amounts of stored information 2. Ability to catalyze biochemical reactions 3. Efficient storage of usable chemical energy 4. Tendency to make cell membranes hydrophobic 0 30

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 0 30

 Smallest unit of life, Discovered by Robert Hooke 1665  Cell Theory:  1. All living things have cells  2. Cell is the basic unit of life  3. Cells only come from preexisting cells

 Variety of sizes  Nerve cells shaped like fingers  Most cells are round in shape  Some cells change shape, white blood cells  The shape of a cell depends on the cell membrane and it’s function

 Cells are microscopic for the most part  Some can be as large as 6ft in giant algae  The cell size is limited by the surface area of the cell membrane  A cell can only grow so large then it will burst

 Organelles: structures in a cell that perform a specific function  Eukaryotes: these are cells with membrane- bound organelles and a nucleus  Prokaryotes: these are cells that do not have membrane-bound organelles or a nucleus

1. Cell wall and nucleus 2. Cell wall and chloroplast 3. Cell membrane and nucleus 4. Cell membrane and cytoplasm 0 30

 It is selectively permeable: only certain things may pass through  Forms a bilayer: 2 layers of lipids like a sandwich  1. Maintains the shape of the cell and 2.protects it  Fats and proteins are embedded in the phosholipid bilayer

 Phospholipids: have two ends on them that keep water and nutrients inside  Form a bond that is difficult to break  These lipids are vital to the cell’s survival  Acts like a floating layer, constantly changing shape

 Do 3 things:  1. Hold the membrane together  2. Allow for channels to be made in the membrane  3. Act as receptors for hormones and other compounds

 Model of the cell membrane that shows it’s “dynamic ability”, how it is more like a liquid than a solid  The patterns of lipids and proteins are always changing

 Controls the cell’s functions  Houses the DNA  Nuclelous: small part inside the nucleus where the ribosomes are made

Takes energy in food and turns it into chemical energy for the cell to use Has folds called “cristae”: increase surface area and creates more ATP Found more in muscle cells than any other

1. Skin cell 2. Fat cell 3. Blood cell 4. Muscle cell

 Most numerous organelle  Found in all cells, prokaryote and eukaryote  “Synthesize” ( make) proteins  Found in cytoplasm and in rough ER

Cell membrane 2. Chloroplast 3. Mitochondria 4. Ribosomes

1. A 2. B 3. C 4. D 0 30

Rough: contains ribosomes, allows proteins to be made and to move throughout the cell Smooth: helps to synthesize lipids and remove toxins in liver cells

1. It stores all proteins for later use 2. It provides an attachment site for larger organelles. 3. It aids in the production of membrane and secretory proteins. 4. It stores amino acids required for the production of all proteins. 0 30

Packages and ships proteins out of the cell. Located on or near the cell membrane Like the post office of the cell

 Contains digestive enzymes  Breaks down materials and removes waste of the cell

 Vacuoles: Contain digestive enzymes in plants. Can store toxins (poison ivy)  Plastids: Contain chlorophyll so that plants can make food from sunlight  Chlorophyll is usually a shade of green

 Long protein strands found in the cell  Provide support for the cell  Help to maintain the shape of a cell  Help in the movement of chromosomes when the cell divides  Vital to the survival of the cell, if these proteins die the cell will loose it’s shape and die as well

 Assist in movement of the cell  Cilia: Hair-like extensions on the outside of the cell membrane  Flagella: whip-like tail on the cell membrane of cells  Sperm cells use flagella to swim towards the egg cell  Cilia are found in lung cells to sweep out debris

 Similar cells that are grouped together form tissues  4 main types of tissues: muscle, nervous, connective and epithelial.  Organs are a bunch of tissues that work together to perform a function. Example: the heart  Many organs working together are an organ system: digestive system uses the stomach, intestines, kidneys etc.  Organelles Cells Tissues Organs  Organ systems Organism