7.3 Politics in the Gilded Age

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Politics of the Gilded Age
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Presentation transcript:

7.3 Politics in the Gilded Age Who controlled the nation’s major cities and how did reformers try to end corruption?

The Emergence of Political Machines During the late 1800s, many cities were run by a political machine, which was an organized group, headed by a city boss, that controlled the activities of a political party in a city The machine offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support

Continued The boss controlled the city government, as well as jobs in the police, fire, and sanitation departments Bosses also controlled city agencies that granted licenses to businesses, and funded construction projects By controlling the cities’ finances, and by solving problems for voters, bosses won loyalty and influence Many bosses were immigrants who’d worked their way up in politics, so that other immigrants were more likely to trust them and vote for them

Graft and Scandal As they gained power, many bosses became corrupt They became rich through graft, or the illegal use of political influence through personal gain To win elections, some bosses filled the list of eligible voters with the names of dogs, children, and people who’d died, and then cast votes for themselves

Continued Another illegal practice were kickbacks and bribes Workers would charge higher prices for services and then ‘kick back’ part of the fee to the bosses, who also took bribes from businesses for allowing illegal activities One of the most powerful bosses was William Marcy Tweed, or Boss Tweed

Continued He became the head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s most powerful Democratic political machine People were exposed to his corrupt practices through cartoonist Thomas Nast, and eventually became outraged by what he’d done and he was sentenced to prison in 1871

Civil Service Replaces Patronage For many decades, presidents had complained about the problem of patronage, or the giving of government jobs to people of the same party who helped a candidate get elected, regardless of how qualified you were Reformers wanted to end the system and give jobs based on merit in civil service, or government administration

Continued President Rutherford B. Hayes tried to reform civil service, but failed and didn’t run for re-election The next candidate for the Republican party was James A. Garfield, who was a reformer who wanted to change the system, and was assassinated shortly after he was elected

Continued Chester A. Arthur succeeded him, and became a reformer in office He pushed through a civil service reform bill known as the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883, which created a civil service commission to give government jobs based on merit, not politics This was good and bad; it lessened the money politicians received so they turned to wealthy business leaders to support them, which strengthened ties between govt. and business

Business Buys Influence Tariffs, or taxes, were an issue in 12 years of presidential elections during the late 1800s President Grover Cleveland tried to reduce them, but failed In 1890, President Benjamin Harrison signed the McKinley Tariff Act into law, raising tariffs to their highest level ever; Cleveland defeated Harrison for President in 1892 but couldn’t reduce taxes once they’d been raised