Mr. Millhouse AP World History Hebron High School

“The entire able-bodied population is preparing to massacre one another; though no one, it is true, wants to attack, and everybody protests his love of peace and determination to maintain it, yet the whole world feels that it only requires some unforeseen incident, some unpreventable accident, for the spark to fall in a flash…and blow Europe sky-high.” Frederic Passy, 1895 Nobel Peace Prize Winner in 1901 Founder and President of first French peace society Economist and politician, he maintained that free trade between independent nations promoted peace

Triple Alliance in red; Triple Entente in gray Serbia

Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 The assassin was a member of a Serbian nationalist group called Young Bosnia The assassin, Gavrilo Princip, was only 20 years old

Austria-Hungary issued a list of ten demands to Serbia called the July Ultimatum Serbia accepted 9 of the 10 demands Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 Russia immediately mobilized its army “The Guns of August” Germany declared war on Russia on August 1, 1914 Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914 Great Britain declared war on Germany on August 4, 1914

Militarism Size of European militaries double between 1890 & 1914 Alliances Austria, Germany, & Italy form the Triple Alliance in 1882 England, France, & Russia form the Triple Entente in 1907 Imperialism Race for remaining territory after 1880 created tension Nationalism Decline of Ottoman Empire led to Balkanization Serbs (Slavs) desire an independent Serbia Russia supports idea of Serbia; Austria-Hungary rejects it

I. What are 14 causes of World War I? II. What are 4 possible ways the Great War could have been prevented? III. Create a short response to #4 What if….? (3-7 sentences) Then – Reading Guide Time *As a group respond to Reading Question #1 *As a group respond to Mapping Reading Questions 2-9 *As a group begin CH 20 Mapping Exercise

What aspects of Europe’s 19 th century history contributed to the development of the First World War?

The Plan: Germany WinsThe Reality: A Stalemate

"No Man's Land is pocketmarked like the body of foulest disease and its odour is the breath of cancer...No Man's Land under snow is like the face of the moon, chaotic, crater-ridden, uninhabitable, awful, the abode of madness. Wilfred Owen

Northern France by P92guhd7d-8https:// P92guhd7d-8 (trench warfare)

Clockwise from top left: Sikh soldiers in India, Chinese troops in Greece, African soldiers in German East Africa, a Bermuda militia in London nhxvgpTl7BUhttps:// nhxvgpTl7BU (war for resources)

Definition of Total War Conflict in which the participating countries devote all of their political, economic, and social resources to the war effort Aspects of Total War 1. Mandatory military conscription (a.k.a. the draft) 2. Control of the economy & nationalization of industry 3. Rationing of food and other essentials 4. The Home Front Women, children, ethnic minorities, etc. are considered a vital part of the war effort 5. Propaganda

Women in the Great War Factory workers, nurses, farmers Strengthens suffrage movements

Rationing Food Shortages Diets Change Left: German bread ration card Above: U.S. Food Administration propaganda posters

380,000 African-Americans served in the army 200,000 were sent to Europe; only 42,000 saw combat

China was divided into spheres of influence prior to World War I Japan entered the war as an Allied Power Seized German colonies in the Pacific & China Japan issued the Twenty-One Demands to China in 1915 Hoped to turn China into a protectorate of Japan Chinese government did not accept or reject the demands Led to collapse of China’s military government

Most involved tropical dependency Gandhi and other leaders supported the war Hoped to achieve self-government British promised to move towards self-government after the war Provided loans & materials to aid the British war effort 1.3 million Indians served as soldiers and laborers Over 100,000 casualties “The moment Britain gets into trouble elsewhere, India, in her present temper, would burst into a blaze of rebellion.” William Archer

Ottoman Empire joins Central Powers Attempt to regain territory in Balkan peninsula Arab Revolt of 1916 Arabs want independence from the Ottoman Empire British promise military aid Revolt was unsuccessful due to the lack of military support Arabs gain their “independence” after World War I T.E. Lawrence, leader of the Arab revolt

The young Turk nationalist government had long been suspicious of the Armenians.  Fearing that they might work with the Russians, they launched a campaign of deportations and murder against 1 million Armenians.  As the war saw uprisings from various Arab groups, the Ottoman Empire collapsed. However, the new Turkish Republic with its young Turk leaders emerged from the ruins of the empire.

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World War I biplane Machine gunners w/ gas masksBritish Tank German U-boat  LxzD6Luj4 (tech) LxzD6Luj4

New technology changes nature of warfare Over 8 million soldiers killed; over 19 million wounded Over 8 million civilians were also killed

On the back of your WWI Technology Web Answer this question: What outcomes, positive and negative, did these new innovations and technologies bring to the concept of total war?

Germans sink the Lusitania on May 7, 1915 Wilson warns Germany to stop Unrestricted submarine (U-Boat) warfare Zimmerman Note in February 1917 U.S. declares war on Germany on April 6, 1917

Unrestricted U-Boat Warfare Continues

Spring 1918, only 287,000 U.S. combat troops were in France By August, the U.S. First Army had been created—some 500,000 men strong October 3, German chancellor, Max von Baden, telegraphed President Woodrow Wilson to ask for an armistice and peace talks on the basis of his Fourteen Points

Russia withdraws 1918 Russian Revolution Treaty of Brest-Litvosk ( March 1918 between Bolshevik(Communist) Government of USSR and Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in World War I War of Attrition Almost no fighting occurs in Germany Germany surrenders at 11:00 on November 11, 1918 Treaty of Versailles conference starts January 1919

One of the most devastating outbreaks of disease in modern times Mass movement during World War I spread the flu around the world Spread to the trenches of the Great War “Spanish” flu kills 30 million people worldwide Kills 550,000 in the United States Kills 12.5 million in India and China

 Gender and the war: Mother’s Day versus flappers: Conservative forces tried to undo the cultural changes of the war.  British authorities urged women to leave their new jobs, and in France, conservatives pushed Mother’s Day as a celebration of women who had little French boys for the army.  However, the war induced major changes in women’s lives with many nations giving them the vote and new work opportunities.  The postwar era was also the Jazz Age with liberated women dressing like “flappers” and drinking and dancing in night clubs, in sharp contrast to earlier conventions of bourgeois respectability.  Surprises and horrors of the war: The war shocked almost every observer. Most expected a short war that would be over within a few months.  Industrial technology did not make it a quick war but rather a war of attrition, with each side trying to bleed the other dry battles could take the lives of over a million men.  Because of the labor shortage, large numbers of women were brought into the workforce back on the home front.  Widespread disillusionment in Europe: The horrors of the war led many to question European values and the legacy of the Enlightenment.  Some even rejected the West.

Russian Revolution, 1917: When the Tsarist government collapsed, a series of revolutionary forces tried to seize power until Bolsheviks(Under Lenin) won in a coup d’état in October. This launched the first communist state in the world. View from the colonies: Many in the colonies were stunned by the slaughter in Europe.  In order to get support for the war, the French and British made promises for reforms and paths toward independence after the war. These promises were not kept.

Council of Four British Prime Minister David Lloyd George French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando American President Woodrow Wilson Not in Attendance Russia and Germany Left to Right: David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Versailles, 1919:  The treaty that ended the war punished Germany rather harshly, taking away 15 percent of its territory and all of its colonies.  Furthermore, Germany was blamed for the war and forced to pay a massive sum in reparations.  This only fostered great resentment within Germany and directly led to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party. =o1IFePaNENQhttps:// =o1IFePaNENQ (Paris Peace Conference)

Europe after World War I – Rise of the United States: The devastation in Europe and the American industrial expansion made the United States a new powerful player on the world stage. President Woodrow Wilson’s optimistic efforts to create a new and just world order raised America’s diplomatic profile. New Countries Poland Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Turkey Yugoslavia ?v=XMElagkUBmYhttps:// ?v=XMElagkUBmY (Wilson’s 14 Points) National self- determination in Europe

Turkey fought to remain independent Kamal Ataturk Arabs governed under the Mandate System Sykes-Picot Agreement Balfour Declaration British support for Zionist movement Jews return to Palestine Map of the Sykes-Picot Agreement

Government of India Act of 1919 Granted local autonomy but not self-rule Nationalists protested act British responded with Rowlatt Act in 1920 Gave British unlimited search and seizure Mohandas Gandhi called for non-violent protest Amritsar Massacre 20,000 people gathered peacefully in Amritsar British fired upon unarmed crowd 379 dead and more than 1200 wounded Increased momentum for Gandhi’s satyagraha movement

Indian National Congress called for home rule in 1927 British rejected proposal Salt March of 1930 Gandhi & 78 of his followers walked across India to the coast (240 miles) to make salt Thousands joined the March Gov’t of India Act 1935 Regional autonomy to India Direct elections 35 million people could vote Mahatma Gandhi on Salt March with “The Nightingale of India” Sarojini Naidu (freedom fighter, poet, and 1 st female president of the Indian National Congress)

China called for a return of the Shandong peninsula & an end to imperialist institutions Japan received Shandong peninsula Caused May 4 th Movement - anti- imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing May 4, 1919, protesting against the Chinese government's weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially allowing Japan to receive territories Chinese delegation was the only one not to sign the treaty of Versailles Shandong Student protests during May Fourth Movement

Wanted racial equality and Shandong peninsula Conference rejected racial equality Rejection fueled nationalism and militarism in Japan Japan begins to expand influence in China  The Japanese expansionists used the war to move into German territory in China and place a series of demands on China. The unwillingness of the allies to check Japan turned many Chinese nationalists toward the new Soviet Union, the only power that spoke out against imperialism. Washington Conference World believed control of international situation depended upon naval power Alfred Thayer Mahan Conference forced Japan to accept inferior fleet ratio angered Japanese delegates as well as belligerent attitude of U.S.A.

Ho Chi Minh arrived in Paris as an unofficial representative of Vietnam Did not call for independence Was not received by Versailles delegation Returned to Vietnam to found Vietnamese Communist Party