CLASSICAL GREECE  Pericles  The Great Peloponnesian War  Art & Drama  Philosophy  The Age of Pericles  Athens expands its empire  Democracy flourishes  High point of Athenian power and brilliance.

 Direct democracy:  Every male citizen participates  Lower-class citizens eligible to run for public office.  Citizens were proud of their democracy  Became deeply attached to it  Became deeply attached to it.

 Great Peloponnesian War  Athens vs. Sparta  Begins after the Persian Wars  Neither could tolerate the other

 Athenian fleet destroyed at the Hellespont  Athens eventually surrenders  Athenian Empire destroyed  City-States are weakened by fighting.

 As the City-States continue to fight they ignore the growing power in the north  Macedonia  Greek Arts  Greek arts during the Age of Pericles becomes the main source of Western culture.  Concerned with expressing eternal ideals:  Reason  Moderation  Balance  Harmony

 Centered on the human being  Meant to civilize emotions

 Architecture  Temple  Most important form  Dedicated to a god or goddess  Central rooms surrounded by columns  Most famous: The Parthenon in Athens

Recreation of the inside of the Parthenon

The Parthenon today

Principles of Greek architecture: Principles of Greek architecture: Search for calmness Search for calmness Clarity Clarity Freedom from unnecessary detail. Freedom from unnecessary detail.

Greek Drama  Greek tragedies: Dealt with universal themes still relevant today  Examined the nature of good and evil  Individual rights  Nature of divine forces (gods) Philosophy An organized system of thought An organized system of thought Means “love of wisdom” Means “love of wisdom” Concerned with rational and critical thought Concerned with rational and critical thought

Socrates Only known to us through Plato Only known to us through Plato Real knowledge already present in each person Real knowledge already present in each person

Critical examination is needed to call it forth Critical examination is needed to call it forth Major contribution: belief in the individual’s ability to reason Major contribution: belief in the individual’s ability to reasonPlato Student of Socrates Student of Socrates “How do we know what is real?” “How do we know what is real?” Government Government Did not trust democracy Did not trust democracy People must be just and rational People must be just and rational

Aristotle Studied under Plato Studied under Plato Observation and investigation Observation and investigation Studied government Studied government Found constitutional government to be best Found constitutional government to be best

Alexander the Great Macedonians Macedonians o seen as barbarians by the Greeks Phillip II wished to unite the Greeks Phillip II wished to unite the Greeks o did so after conquering them

Phillip II insisted that the Greeks and cooperate with him in a war against Persia. Phillip II insisted that the Greeks and cooperate with him in a war against Persia. Phillip dies and Alexander is left to finish the job. Phillip dies and Alexander is left to finish the job. Alexander moves quickly to fulfill his father’s dream. Alexander moves quickly to fulfill his father’s dream. Only 20 years old Only 20 years old Wants to avenge the Persian burning of Athens in 480 BC Wants to avenge the Persian burning of Athens in 480 BC

334 BC: ATG invades Persia 334 BC: ATG invades Persia 37,000 men 37,000 men Macedonians and Greeks Macedonians and Greeks 331 BC: ATG has conquered the Persian Empire 331 BC: ATG has conquered the Persian Empire Not content-wants more. Not content-wants more. Over the next three years he moves east to modern-day Pakistan Over the next three years he moves east to modern-day Pakistan 326: Crosses the Indus River into India 326: Crosses the Indus River into India

The army is tired from years of fighting The army is tired from years of fighting They want to go home They want to go home ATG returns to Babylon ATG returns to Babylon

ATG dies in June 323 BC ATG dies in June 323 BC Exhausted from wounds Exhausted from wounds Fever Fever Too much alcohol Too much alcohol

The legacy of ATG: The Hellenistic Era “Hellenistic” comes from the Greek word meaning “to imitate the Greeks” “Hellenistic” comes from the Greek word meaning “to imitate the Greeks” ATG’s empire falls apart ATG’s empire falls apart General’s struggle for power General’s struggle for power Split into 4 separate Hellenistic kingdoms Split into 4 separate Hellenistic kingdoms 1.Macedonia 2.Syria 3.Pergamum 4.Egypt All are conquered by the Romans later on. All are conquered by the Romans later on.

Cultures combine Cultures combine  Many new cities were founded o Many named after Alexander  Cities are settled by Greeks Soldiers Soldiers Sailors Sailors Artisans Artisans  They built temples  Held athletic contests, etc The locals assimilate Greek ideas The locals assimilate Greek ideas Greeks adopt local customs Greeks adopt local customs  A blending of Greek, Persian, Indian and Egyptian cultures occurs o Hellenistic civilization

The H.E. was a period of much cultural accomplishment The H.E. was a period of much cultural accomplishment The Library at Alexandria Inside the Library

 Hellenistic arts and sciences New Philosophies New Philosophies o Stoicism  Calmly accept whatever life brought  High moral standards  All people are morally equal  Later influenced Roman and Christian thinkers Improvements in Improvements in o Math o Science o Medicine