EXPLORATION & COLONIAL AMERICA American History I - Unit 1 Ms. Brown

Review According to mercantilism, how did the colonies benefit GB? Colonies would produce goods for GB to sell to other countries AND colonies had to buy mostly British goods  more $ for GB Why did colonists oppose GB’s practice of mercantilism? Mercantilism restricted trade for the colonies  colonies not making $ How did the Glorious Revolution affect the colonies? Protestant rulers William and Mary dissolved the Dominion of New England which restored the original colonies Describe the relationship between the colonies and GB under salutary neglect. GB relaxed its enforcement of most trading regulations in return for continued economic loyalty  colonies prosper and have a taste of independence.

1.6 – THE FRENCH & INDIAN WAR

New France 1608 – Champlain founded Quebec 1 st permanent French settlement in North America 1682 – France claimed ownership of the entire Mississippi Valley, named it Louisiana After King Louis XIV Not as populated as the English colonies (70K vs 1M) Fur traders, Catholic priests  not looking to settle permanently Friendlier relations with natives due to trading  alliances that come in handy later

Empire Rivals 1750s – France vs England over land ownership in North America Colonists favored England Some thought of themselves as British Eager to expand the colonies westward (coast = overcrowded)

Disputed Lands 1754 France built Fort Duquesne (du-cane) in the Ohio River Valley VA granted 20,000 acres of land in the in the Ohio River Valley to rich colonial planters VA sent militia members to the area to defend the land Militia – group of ordinary citizens who perform military duties England and France have already fought 2 inconclusive wars in the past few decades  general tension

Disputed Lands July Militia led by George Washington established Fort Necessity near Fort DuquesneGeorge Washington French soldiers vs English colonists/militiamen  Washington forced to surrender the first battle Beginning of French and Indian War

French and Indian War , war fought in North America between England and France over control of North American land Called “French and Indian War” because some native tribes fought with the French

Early French Victories 1755 – British General Braddock and Washington vs French Soldiers British ambushed by French soldiers and natives British accustomed to fighting enemies that marched in orderly rows, not ran around from every direction Colonists questioned GB’s military strength

GB’s Comeback 1757 – King George III picked William Pitt to lead British military efforts Iroquois tribe joined British forces British started winning battles  increased morale 1758 – Lawrence and Fort Frontenac 1759 – Plains of Abraham Montreal British taking of Montreal (1760) signaled France’s defeat in North America Fighting between GB vs France and Spain continued in other parts of the world

Treaty of Paris of – ended the French and Indian War WINNERS GB  everything east of the Mississippi River (including Spain’s Florida because Spain was France’s ally) Spain  Louisiana (previous French lands west of Mississippi River) LOSERS France  kept several northern islands and islands in the Caribbean Natives  no land and pissed because they helped GB win land

New Conflicts with Natives British territory expanded  settlers spill over the Appalachian Mountains Natives concerned the settlers will drive away animals that they depend upon for survival. Pontiac, Ottawa tribe chief, and army captured 2 British forts in the Ohio Valley British gave 2 smallpox-infected blankets to tribe leaders in a “peace deal”  disease kills many natives

Proclamation of 1763 issued by British government, banned all colonial settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains An attempt to prevent conflicts with Natives British couldn’t enforce the Proclamation Line  settlers continued to move westward

Colonists Start to Feel Unhappy Proclamation of 1763  ‘GB doesn’t care about our colonial needs!’ French and Indian War = increase in British debt Crack down on smuggling, especially in Boston British used writs of assistance to search any ship/business/house without a warrant  colonists unhappy 10,000 British soldiers remained in the colonies for “protection” but colonists worried they would turn their force on them. $ spent on maintaining a standing army in the colonies = more debt

Sugar Act King George III suspected colonists were still smuggling goods into the colonies GB couldn’t get the colonists’ $ for goods if colonies were trading illegally with other countries (remember the Navigation Acts?) GB needed colonial $ to pay war debts Sugar Act (1764) – passed by British Parliament 1. Lowered the tax on molasses (so colonists would stop smuggling it) 2. Increased taxes on other goods 3. Any colonist caught smuggling would be tried in a British vice- admiralty court without a jury, instead of a colonial court.

Final Thoughts… By the end of 1764… Colonists cannot settled beyond Appalachian Mountains Colonists angered over trading restrictions and taxation without representation in Parliament GB in debt Ingredients for a rebellion in the colonies!