© 2015 Cengage Learning Chapter 13 Prisons and Jails Chapter 13 Prisons and Jails © 2015 Cengage Learning

Learning Objective 1 Contrast the Pennsylvania and New York penitentiary theories of the 1800s. AP Photo/Rich Pedroncelli, File

© 2015 Cengage Learning A Short History of American Prisons The Pennsylvania System – Silence and in-cell labor – Constant solitary confinement (the separate system) – Only human contact is with visiting clergy The New York System – Solitary confinement leads to insanity in inmates – Inmates are allowed to work together, while maintaining silence (the congregate system)

© 2015 Cengage Learning A Short History of American Prisons © Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Cengage Learning A Short History of American Prisons L.O.2 Three general models of prisons: 1.The custodial model—prisoners are incarcerated for incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution 2.The rehabilitation model—stresses individual treatment 3.The reintegration model—correctional institutions are training ground for the inmate to prepare for existence in the community

© 2015 Cengage Learning Prison Organization and Management L.O.3 Formal Prison Management: – Chain of command – May lack continuity of purpose Governing Prison Populations: – Order The absence of misconduct, such as murder, assault and rape – Amenities Comforts that make life “livable,” such as cleaning living conditions, and good food – Services Programs designed to improve inmates’ prospects upon release

© 2015 Cengage Learning Prison Organization and Management of Inmates © Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Cengage Learning Prison Organization and Management © Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Cengage Learning St. Cloud Minnesota State Prison, © 2013 Google Maps Learning Objective 4 List and briefly explain the four types of prisons. Courtesy Eastern State Penitentiary, PA Federal Correctional Institution, Terre Haute, © 2013 Google Maps Acacia Prison, Western Australia Department of Corrective Services

© 2015 Cengage Learning Prison Organization and Management Maximum-Security Prisons: – Violent and repeat offenders, those with conduct disorders (16% of prisoners) – Fortresses, watchtowers, armed guards Supermax: – Prisons reserved for the “worst of the worst” – Controlled environment

© 2015 Cengage Learning Prison Organization and Management Medium-Security Prisons: – House less dangerous inmates than maximum security – Less restrictive security than maximum security, usually fences instead of walls – Rehabilitative programming is available Minimum-Security Prison: – Designed for inmates who are a low-security risk, such as non-violent and first-time offenders – Inmates have more freedom to move about the facility

© 2015 Cengage Learning Prison Organization and Management Classification process – Process that provides the best “fit” for each inmate based on: The seriousness of the crime committed The risk of future criminal or violent conduct The need for treatment and rehabilitation programs

© 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 5 List the factors that have caused the prison population to grow dramatically in the last several decades. AP Photo/Matt York

© 2015 Cengage Learning Inmate Population Trends Factors in prison growth: – Enhancement and stricter enforcement of drug laws – Increased probability of incarceration – Inmates are serving more time for each crime – Federal prison growth – Rising incarceration rates for women

© 2015 Cengage Learning Inmate Population Trends © Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Cengage Learning Inmate Population Trends Decarceration—corrections attempt at cutting costs through reduction of inmate populations Strategies: – Decreasing probability that nonviolent offenders will be sentenced to prison – Increasing the rate of release of nonviolent offenders – Decreasing the rate of imprisonment for probation and parole violators

© 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 6 List the reasons why private prisons can often be run more cheaply than public ones. Ty Wright/Bloomberg via Getty Images

© 2015 Cengage Learning The Emergence of Private Prisons Arguments for Privatization: – Cost efficiency Competitive bidding Labor costs – Overcrowding and outsourcing – Quality of service Arguments Against Privatization: – Safety concerns – Financial concerns – Philosophical concerns

© 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 7 Summarize the distinction between jails and prisons, and indicate the importance of jails in the American correctional system. Monica Almeida/New York Times/Redux Pictures

© 2015 Cengage Learning Jails – To hold those convicted of misdemeanors – To hold individuals pre-trial – Temporarily hold juveniles awaiting transfer – To hold the mentally ill pending transfer – To detain those who have violated probation of parole, or have “jumped-bail” – To house inmates awaiting transfer to prison – To operate community-based corrections programs such as home confinement and electronic monitoring

© 2015 Cengage Learning Prisons Operated by county and city governments Hold mostly inmates from the local community House those who are awaiting trial or have recently been arrested, in addition to convicts Generally hold inmates who have been found guilty of minor crimes and are serving sentences of less than a year Tend to focus only on the necessities of safety, food, and clothing

© 2015 Cengage Learning Jails © Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

© 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 8 Explain why the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the practice of strip searching all jail inmates, including those who have not been charged with a crime. The Supreme Court in Florence v. County of Burlington, No upholds invasive strip searches even for those charged with the most minor crimes—including unpaid traffic fines. “By a 5-4 vote, the Supreme Court ruled Monday that people arrested over traffic and other minor offenses can be strip-searched even if there is no reasonable suspicion that they are concealing weapons or contraband. But the court’s decision goes too far. Jailers have a responsibility to make sure that their facilities are secure, but they can do so without the blanket authority the court has given them.” Matt McClain/The Washington Post via Getty Images

© 2015 Cengage Learning The Supreme Court this week ruled that if you end up taken in for even the most minor of offence – failure to use a turn signal, violating a leash law, riding a bicycle without an audible bell – you can be required, without any reasonable suspicion, to submit to a full strip search. Florence v. County of Burlington

© 2015 Cengage Learning Jails Jail Administration: – The burden of jail management Sheriff’s may view the jail as a lower priority than crime prevention and control – The challenge of overcrowding Living conditions are often miserable The wide variety of persons incarcerated in jails makes management difficult

© 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 9 Indicate some of the consequences of our high rates of incarceration? Photo courtesy Bergen County Sheriff’s Office, Bergen, NJ

© 2015 Cengage Learning The Consequences of Our High Rates of Incarceration Positive consequences include a correlation with a drop in the crime rate. Negative consequences include social consequences for families and communities, and disenfranchisement of inmates who lose their right to vote.

© 2015 Cengage Learning Discussion Questions Discuss the social consequences for families and community members with regards to high incarceration rates. Discuss how you would propose a change in incarceration rates within your own community. Further discuss if there is a specific crime surge in your own community and how you can affect those changes.

© 2015 Cengage Learning Discussion Questions Research your current state and their correctional facilities. Discuss what type of security levels your state has and what crime types are the defendants housed at each level for within these facilities. Do you believe we should go back to the Pennsylvania or Auburn systems? Why or why not?

© 2015 Cengage Learning Research Questions Research Sheriff Joe Arpaio of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office. Discuss his jail concept and his prisoner treatment. Discuss if you believe his concept is successful in the deterrence of criminal activity or assisting the community with crime rates. Why or why not?