GGGB6013 KAEDAH PENYELIDIKAN I TUGASAN PENULISAN 2: Sintesis Literatur & Peta Literatur/Kerangka Teori/Konsep PENSYARAH: PROF. MADYA DR. HAMIDAH BT. YAMAT @ AHMAD DISEDIAKAN OLEH: MOHAMAD ZAKI BIN MAHMUD P83130

LITERATURE REVIEW Title Career Success Among Pegawai Perkhidmatan Pendidikan (PPP) Intoduction This chapter reviews past studies literature on career success and selected factors explaining individuals’ career success. These reviews were used as a premise in the formulation and justification of the research framework for this study. What is Career The definition of career success has develop through time, influenced by many factors that are external and internal to individual and organization. Three decades ago, Ashton and Field (1976) viewed career as dependent on jobs with a hierarchy of prestige, highlighting the dominance of occupational and organizational sequences. Then, in the 80s, Arthur, Hall and Lawrence (1989) offered another definition of career, which is the evolving sequence of a person’s work experiences over time. Subsequently, Thompson (1996) in the Concise Oxford Dictionary has defined career as an individual’s course or progress through life or a distinct portion of life. A more recent definition looked at career as a process of progress and development of individuals along a path of experience and jobs in one or more organization (Baruch, 2006). Irrespective of time, the career definitions had twist together the principal themes of job/work, time and hierarchy, reflecting a moving perspective in an individual’s occupation, which connote to an individual’s career success. Further, Woodd (1999) suggested that the differential understanding of the meaning of career is subject to one’s perspective and experiences.

Approache in Career Success Three competing conceptual approaches have been identified in explaining factor of objective and subjective career success. The three well-known approaches are referred to as individual, structural and behavioural (Ballout, 2007).   1) Individual Approach of Career Success The individual approach which draws heavily on human capital, motivational theories and demographic variables emphasizes the role of individual attributes for achieving successful careers. 2) The Structural Approach of Career Success Research that focuses on the structural approach of career emphasized the structural characteristic of an organization which may impede or enhance individual’s career progression. Previous studies have included organizational level variables such as organizational size, organizational success, organizational cultural, internal and external progression channels as factors that influence individual’s career success. Researchers have suggested that the larger the organization, the greater number of job position will be offered and therefore, will create more promotions opportunities and salary increment (Nabi, 1999)

3) Behavioural Approach of Career Success   The central tenet of this approach is career success studies should pinpoint on career enhancing strategies used by employees to achieve career outcomes which then lead to objective and subjective career success. However, career enhancing strategies that can be used by employees are subject to factors such as the type of job or occupational group and the nature of the organization (Nabi 2003).

Performance Domains and Attainments (Objective and Subjective Career Success)

Independent Variables RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Independent Variables Dependent Variables Individual Human Capital Motivational Theoris Demographic CAREER SUCCESS   Objective Career Success Subjebtive Career Success Structural Organizational Size Organizational Success Organizational Culture (Internal & External) Behavioural Type of Job Nature of organizational

REFERENCES Arthur, M., Hal, D. & Lawrence, B. 1989. Handbook of Career Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ashton, D. & Field, D. 1976. Young Workers. London: Hutchinson. Ballout, H.I. 2007. Career Success: The effects of human capital, person-environment fit and organizational support. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 22(8): 741-765. Baruch, Y. 2006. Career development in organizations and beyond: Balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints. Human Resource Management Review. 16(2);125-138. Nabi, G.R. 1999. An investigation into the differential profile of predictors of objective and subjective career success. Career Development International. 4(4):212-224.

Nabi, G.R. 2003. Situational characteristic and subjective career success: The mediating role of career-enhancing strategies. International Journal of Manpower. 224(6):653-671. Thompson, D. 1996. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (9 edition). England: Clays Ltd, St Ives plc. Woodd, M. 1999. The move towards a different career pattern: Are women better prepared than men for modern case?. Women in management review. 14(1): 21-28.