Sport Books Publisher1 Health and Wellness Chapter 1

Sport Books Publisher2 Definitions and Dimensions of Health

Sport Books Publisher 3 Definitions of Health Health is the “capacity to lead a satisfying life, fulfill ambitions, and accommodate to change” (Ottawa Charter, World Health Organization, 1986). Health is: Specific to person’s life -- it is personal Dynamic, ever-changing process Holistic, not simply the absence of disease Related to quality of someone’s life Multidimensional Related to person’s ability to cope with the challenge of change

Sport Books Publisher 4 Dimensions of Health Health is multidimensional. The following are the dimensions of health: Social EnvironmentalSpiritualEmotional MentalPhysical

Sport Books Publisher 5 Dimensions of Health These dimensions are interdependent i.e., they interact and overlap with each other to produce health Physical Social Mental Emotional Spiritual Environmental HEALTH

Sport Books Publisher 6 As these dimensions interact they produce a unique health and wellness profile for each individual. Dimensions of Health EnvironmentalSocial Spiritual Emotional Mental Physical

Sport Books Publisher 7 Physical dimension of health: the aspect of health that deals with issues pertaining to the physical body Emotional dimension of health: the aspect of health that deals with the ability to express emotions appropriately; cope with conflict, stress, and change in a healthy way; and enjoy life; sometimes referred to as the psychological dimension of health Spiritual dimension of health: the aspect of health that deals with values— beliefs about what is important

Sport Books Publisher 8 Social dimension of health: the aspect of health that deals with the ability to relate well to others Intellectual dimension of health: the aspect of health that deals with issues involving lifelong learning Vocational dimension of health: the aspect of health that deals with preparing for and engaging in work that provides personal satisfaction and enrichment

Sport Books Publisher 9 Health and Wellness in Adolescence Health and wellness is related to person’s ability to cope with the many interactions and transitions that are occurring in his/her life. Transitions specific to adolescence include: –Increase in responsibilities –Increase industry –Intensification of relationships –Changes in body structure

Sport Books Publisher 10 Health and Wellness in Adolescence Dimensions of health that focus on transition fall under three headings: –Being, e.g. Who am I? Who am I becoming as a person? –Belonging, e.g. To what groups do I connect with in a sense of belonging? –Becoming, e.g. What accomplishments am I striving for?

12 DETERMINATES OF HEALTH Income and Social Status 2. Social Support and Networks 3. Education and Literacy 4. Employment/Working Conditions 5. Social Environment 6. Physical Environments Sport Books Publisher 11

7. Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills 8. Healthy Child Development 9. Biology and Genetic Endowment 10. Health Services 11. Gender 12. Culture Sport Books Publisher 12

Why Properly Wash Your Hands? Good hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of many illnesses, from the common cold to more serious illnesses such as meningitis, influenza, hepatitis A, and most types of infectious diarrhea. By washing your hands you are not only protecting yourself from the contraction of these germs but you are preventing the spread of germs and viruses. Sport Books Publisher 13

Sport Books Publisher 14

Hand Sanitizer Hand sanitizers are another option when access to soap and water for hand washing is not available. Alcohol- based hand rubs come in liquid, gel and foam forms and there is no reported difference in the effectiveness of each form as long as they have adequate alcohol content (+60%) Sport Books Publisher 15

The recommended procedure for applying alcohol- based hand rub is: 1. Roll up long sleeves and push up or remove wrist watch 2. Wash hands with soap and available water if hands are visibly dirty (e.g., contaminated with dirt, oil, blood, body fluids, etc.), and dry hands completely after washing as wet hands will dilute the alcohol 3. Place enough alcohol-based hand rub into the cupped palm of one hand, sufficient to wet both hands completely 4. Rub the liquid into the palms, backs of hands, between fingers and under nails, and if a ring is worn, on and under the ring Sport Books Publisher 16

Planes of the Body OH 3-9 Figure 7-4b i) Transverse (Horizontal) Planeii) Frontal Planeiii) Sagittal Plane

Sport Books Publisher 18 Anatomical Position

Sport Books Publisher 19 –Legs straight –Heels, feet and great toes parallel to each other The starting reference point for describing the human body It is universally accepted It is used in all anatomical descriptions –Palms facing forward and the thumbs outward Description – Standing erect – Facing forward – Arms hanging at the sides

Anatomy – Terms of movement When describing human movement there is an anatomical “starting point” – the anatomical position. In this position all joints are considered to be in a neutral position, or 0 degrees, with no movement having occurred

Sport Books Publisher 21 Directional Terms

Sport Books Publisher 22 Reminder: All directional terms are based on the assumption that the body is in the anatomical position.

Sport Books Publisher 23 Lateral-Medial –Lateral – Away from the midline of the body Midl ine Lateral Medial – Medial – Towards the midline – E.g., Your ears are lateral to your cheeks and your cheeks are medial to your ears

Sport Books Publisher 24 Distal-Proximal –Distal – Further from some specified region –Proximal – Closer to some specified region –E.g., With respect to trunk, the hands are distal to the arms and the arms are proximal to the hands. –E.g., With respect to nerves and blood vessels, proximal also means "toward the origin" and distal means "away from the origin". –E.g., Colon is the distal portion and stomach is the proximal portion of the digestive tube Thigh is proximal to the leg Leg is distal to the thigh Leg is proximal to the foot Foot is distal to the leg

Sport Books Publisher 25 Anterior-Posterior –Anterior – In front of or front of your body Anterior Skeleton – Posterior – Behind or back of your body – E.g., Your lips are anterior to your teeth and your teeth are posterior to your lips Posterior Skeleton – E.g., In the anatomical position, your palms are facing the anterior of your body

Sport Books Publisher 26 Superior-Inferior –Superior – Above The collar bone is superior to the rib cage – Inferior – Below – E.g., Your lips are superior to your chin and your chin is inferior to your lips The hip bone is inferior to the rib cage

Sport Books Publisher 27 Supine –Lying on the back –E.g., when performing a bench press Prone – Lying face down – E.g., when preparing to perform a push-up

Anatomy – Terms of movement Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body Abduction: think! To abduct means to take away.

Anatomy –Terms of movement Flexion: Decrease the angle formed by bones of the joint Extension: Increasing of the joint angle. Returning a joint in flexion to the anatomical positions is considered extension

Anatomy –Terms of movement Dorsiflexion: Raising the toe to the shin Plantarflexion: Pointing the toe downward.

Anatomy – Terms of movement Rotation: Medial – towards the midline (internal) Lateral – away from the midline (external)

Anatomy – Terms of movement Supination: Rotation of the palm so it faces upward Pronation: Rotation of the palm so it faces downward

Anatomy – Terms of movement Inversion: sole of the foot turns inwards Eversion: sole of the foot turns outwards

34

Type of joint movement: Flexion- bent knee Extension- extend knee Hyperextension- bring leg back Dorsi flexion- heal Plantar flexion- toe Abduction- leg out Adduction-leg in Rotation- twisting Circumduction- circular motion Supination- palm up Pronation- palm down Eversion- foot out Inversion- foot in Protraction- chin forward Retraction- chin back Elevation- shoulders up Depression- shoulders down

Three Contraction Types Joint MuscleStrengthForce Concentric PositiveDecreasesShortensWeakest> Resistance EccentricNegativeIncreasesLengthensStrongest< Resistance IsometricStaticNo change Middle= Resistance

Sport Books Publisher 37 Static Contraction Muscle tension or internal force exerted against an external load Internal force is equal to, or weaker than, the external load No visible movement of the external load occurs

Sport Books Publisher 38 Static Contraction In most sports, the need for maximal static contraction is rare Maximal static contraction is most often seen in gymnastics, wrestling, and judo

Sport Books Publisher 39 Activities Requiring Maximal Static Muscle Tension

Sport Books Publisher 40 Static Contraction Most sports require low to sub- maximal static contraction Examples of sports that require this type of contraction include sail-boarding, alpine skiing, and shooting events

Sport Books Publisher 41 Activities Requiring Sub-Maximal Static Muscle Tension

Sport Books Publisher 42 Dynamic Contraction Muscle tension or force is exerted against an external load Internal force exerted is greater than the external load Visible movement of the external load occurs

Sport Books Publisher 43 Isometric Contraction A static contraction Muscle contraction against an external force No visible change in muscle length External load is greater than the force generated by the internal force No external movement occurs No work is performed because no movement occurs A high amount of tension is developed, energy is used

Sport Books Publisher 44 Pushing against a stable wall is an example of an isometric contraction

Sport Books Publisher45 Health and Wellness: A Personal Journey

Sport Books Publisher 46 Achievement of Health and Wellness Not a single event, it is an ongoing process Making healthy choices (e.g., good nutrition) are important guidelines to consider vs.

Sport Books Publisher 47 Achievement of Health and Wellness Ultimately, it is up to each individual to choose what combination of healthy choices create a healthy balance for them Remember, do things in moderation. Too much or too little of anything is a potential problem –E.g. Too little exercise=poor cardiovascular health Too much exercise=weakened immune system

Sport Books Publisher 48 Approaches to Health and Wellness Reactive or curative approach –Worrying about your health only when sick. Not asserting control over your health in the absence of disease. –Chris’ approach: “If your sick, take a few pills; otherwise, have fun and enjoy yourself! I’ll quit smoking later.” –Example:

Sport Books Publisher 49 Approaches to Health and Wellness Proactive approach –Adopting lifestyle habits that, in the long run, will enable you to lead a more healthy life. –Erin’s approach: “I am building for the future. What I do for my body today lays the foundation for a lifetime of involvement in healthy activities.” –Example:

Sport Books Publisher50 Wellness: Your Personal Responsibility

Sport Books Publisher 51 Wellness: Your Personal Responsibility Wellness is: –Reflected in a way a person chooses to live his or her life –Making informed choices and taking responsibilities for the way we live our lives. Sense of wellness is influenced by the following factors: Family Culture Peers Media

Sport Books Publisher52 Family Influences on Health and Wellness

Sport Books Publisher 53 Positive Family Influences Family positively influences your health, well-being, and a general sense of satisfaction through: –Education The advice your parents give you to stay healthy E.g. “Wear a coat outside or you’ll catch a cold” –Values Family values can influence lifestyle choices E.g. Families that value physical activity introduce their children to sports at early age. –Support E.g. Emotional support during stressful life events E.g. Financial and mental support to pursue sports that will enable optimal development

Sport Books Publisher 54 Negative Family Influences Alternatively, family can have negative influences on one’s health –E.g. Families that push their children to compete for rewards outside of the physical, mental, social, and spiritual benefits of activity, can cause their children to withdraw prematurely from participating in physical activity –Example: Parent Sideline Rage Aggressive parents are poor role models for their children

Sport Books Publisher55 Media Influences on Health and Wellness

Sport Books Publisher 56 Positive Media Messages Media messages can be highly motivational: –E.g. Sports coverage in the media has created role models that can motivate children to pursue physical activity

Sport Books Publisher 57 Negative Media Messages Unfortunately, media also has to power to encourage unhealthy choices: –E.g. Commercialization of the body image has distorted interpretation of healthy body

Sport Books Publisher 58 Ideal Female Body Image

Sport Books Publisher 59 Negative Media Messages Further, media has distorted interpretation of what it means to be an accomplished performer. Media coverage has some believe that the pinnacle of achievement comes from beating the competition, being the toughest, and gaining multi-million contracts. However, wellness is about the journey towards personal improvement and aspiring to achieve your individual potential.

Sport Books Publisher 60 It’s Up To You! In conclusion, images of the sporting life can be motivational or cause unhealthy distortions. Ultimately, it is up to each individual to judge these images in relation to his or her personal goals and values.

Sport Books Publisher61 Social/Peer Influences on Health and Wellness

Sport Books Publisher 62 Social/Peer Influences Participation in sport comes with social benefits incurred in meeting new people As we have seen in Chris’ example peer influences can be of negative nature. Therefore, it is important to: –Choose friends wisely – Resist negative peer pressure

Sport Books Publisher63 Cultural Influences on Health and Wellness

Sport Books Publisher 64 Health in North America Views about health are understood differently across cultures. North Americans tend to think about disease from a scientific point of view. –Western medicine deals largely with treatment of organs and systems, in isolation from the person’s mind and environment. –Increasingly, a more holistic approach is emerging. E.g. Recognition of the influence of personality on cardiovascular health E.g. Recognition of the influence of environment on obesity

Sport Books Publisher 65 Health In Eastern and Aboriginal Cultures In many non-western cultures, health has a strong spiritual quality. Therefore, disease is understood in terms of individual’s spiritual harmony with oneself and/or his or her environment. e.g., Aboriginal culture and sweat lodgee.g., Oriental culture and chi

Sport Books Publisher 66 Putting It All Together Health is multidimensional One must make informed decision that relate to all the various dimensions of health Perspectives and decisions about health are influenced by family, peers, media, and the culture The journey towards health is lifelong