Soil Science Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection Martin Kočárek: office no. 225, kocarek@af.czu.cz Practicals / Seminars Introduction. Semestral work setting. Morphological features of soil horizons. Soil profiles description. Soil texture analysis: presentation of principles and methodology. Soil texture analysis: sample preparation, measurement  Soil organic matter content determination.  Soil reaction. Explanation of principles. Determination of pHH2O, pHKCl, exchangeable acidity.  Soil sorption characteristics: explanation of principles; determination of C.E.C. by Bower method.  Soil sorption characteristics: determination of hydrolytic acidity; calculation of base saturation.  Soil salinity: principles of determination; measurement of electrical conductivity soil alcohol extracts.  Presentation of advanced methods of soil analysis  Soil maps, soil information systems   Presentation of students' semestral work  Discussion of major problems of soil degradation in Europe and in the World: case studies. Credit. 

Protocols Soil texture analysis Soil organic matter content determination.  Soil reaction. Determination of pHH2O, pHKCl, exchangeable acidity Soil sorption characteristics: determination of C.E.C. by Bower method, determination of hydrolytic acidity; calculation of sum of base cation and base saturation.  Soil salinity Summarization of protocols (students' semestral work)

Requirements for credit Protocols Presentation of students' semestral work Presence at the practicals 80 %

Semestral work setting. You will work in pairs At the beginning of the semester you will be given a soil sample from soil units which are localized close to Suchdol Each practical lesson you will determine some soil property (mentioned above) of your sample. For each soil property you will complete a protocol At the end of the semester you will summarize the results about your samples and samples of your colleagues (to describe the whole soil profile of the soil unit) in a semestral work which you will present in the last lesson

Morphology of Soil Profile - Horizon Colour Structure Texture Coarse Fragment Content Humidity Consistence Concretions Redoximorphic Features and other New formations Carbonates and soluble salt content Porosity and cracks Rooting and a biological activation Width and Topography of horizon boundary

Width of Soil Horizon Boundary ABRUPT (0-2cm) CLEAR (2-5cm)

Width of Soil Horizon Boundary GRADUAL (5-15 cm) DIFFUSE (>15 cm)

Topography of Soil Horizon Boundary Smooth Oblique Wavy Irregular Broken pockets are wider than depths pockets are deeper than width horizon is not continuous

Soil Horizon Boundary Wavy Oblique

Soil Horizon Boundary Smooth Irregular

Soil Colour Subjective description e.g. „ light brown, dark gray“ Objective description – Munsell colour system e.g. „7,5YR 4/6“

5YR 4/6 Hue = Basic color R – red Y – yellow G – green B – blue RP R – red Y – yellow G – green B – blue P - purple Y P GY 5YR 4/6 PB G B BG Chroma = intensity level hue 5 yellow red value 4 chroma 6 Value = tint (admixture of gray)

Chroma refers to the relative purity or strength of the spectral color Chroma refers to the relative purity or strength of the spectral color. Chroma runs from 0 (neutral gray) to 8 (highest strength of color found in soils). Chroma increases to the right across the Munsell page. All chips in a column have equal chroma. Zero-chroma chips have no color, they are neutral gray. Often they are simply given a hue designation N (neutral).

Value refers to the amount of light reflected from the chip Value refers to the amount of light reflected from the chip. On a neutral gray scale, a value of 10 indicates pure white, and value of 0 indicates pure black. Value runs north-south (Vertical) on the Munsell page. All chips in a row have equal value.

VALUE CHROMA

Soil Colour

Soil Structure natural organization of soil particles into discrete soil units (aggregates or peds) Structureless - Single grain Structureless – Massive coherent mass Structural (soil aggregates)

Structure types according to shape STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS equally developed vertically elongated Horizontally elongated prism-like spheroidal angular platy upper part without rounding Rounded tops granual angular blocky subangular blocky columnar prismatic

Soil Structure

Soil Structure A-horizon E-horizon

Soil Structure B-horizon B-horizon

Soil Structure

Soil Structure B-horizon Bt-horizon

Structure types according to shape 1 - Granual 2 - Angular 3a - Prismatic 4 - Platy 3b - Columnar

Structure

Soil Texture 20 % Sand 30 % Silt 50 % Clay Sand + Silt + Clay = 100% Texture = Clay 20 % Sand 30 % Silt 50 % Clay

Soil Texture Classes

Coarse surface fragments

Humidity - Dry Moist Wet

Consistence

Consistence Stickiness – moist soil

Consistence Plasticity – moist soil

Concretions – Cutanic Features features of clay iluviation (e.g.: clay coatings on the structure elements – peds)

Concretions – Cutanic Features vertic features – wedge-like peds

Concretions – Cutanic Features vertic features –cracks

Concretions – Cutanic Features vertic features –slickensides

Concretions – Cutanic Features Ortstein features (in Podzols) kvádrový pískovec štěrkopísek

Concretions – Cutanic Features Gleyic features – rusty coatings

Concretions – Cutanic Features Gleyic features – rusty coatings

Concretions – Cutanic Features mottling

Concretions – Cutanic Features

Concretions – Cutanic Features Fe - Mn concretions – nodules

Concretions – Cutanic Features CaCO3 accumulation pseudomycelias Hard hollow concretions

Concretions – Cutanic Features biological activity – Crotovinas

Concretions – Cutanic Features biological activity - earthworm coprolites

Roots Size (diameters) Abundance Depth

Carbonates reaction with10% HCl depth content (intensity of effervescence) forms of secondary carbonates

Carbonates reaction with10% HCl depth content (intenzita šumění) forms of secondary carbonates reaction with10% HCl depth content (intenzita šumění)

Hydrometric method Measuring cylinder and hydrometer calibration KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Measuring cylinder and hydrometer calibration For correction of hydrometer weight base volume Scale markings 1,030 Weighted base

Hydrometric method Measuring cylinder and hydrometer calibration 1,000 KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Measuring cylinder and hydrometer calibration 1,000 hR = h1 + h0/2 ∆h = h – h0 ∆h = V/F V/F = h – h0 h0 = h – V/F h0/2 = h/2 – V/2F hR = h1 + h/2 – V/2F h1 = L – R.L/S S – the number of units on the scale (30) h1 = L/S (S – R) L R 1,019 h1 h1 1,030 ∆h hR h0 h F ∆h V

Hydrometric method S The number of units on the scale (30) KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method S The number of units on the scale (30) R Hydrometer reading (1,019; CORRECTION 19!!!!!) L Scale lenght (cm) h/2 Half height of weighted base (cm) V Volume of weighted base (cm3) F Area of measuring cylinder base (cm2)

Hydrometric method Sample preparation KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Sample preparation To break soil aggregates to single (elementary) grains Can by done by mechanical way, chemical way or combination of both Methodology of sample preparation: Soil weight: 80 – 100 g Light soil 40 – 60 g Intermediate soil 20 – 40 g Heavy soil Place soil sample into the boiling cup and mix it with distillate water and dispersing agent (Na3(PO4)6) by ratio 1g : 1ml : 1ml Boil the soil suspension for 3 min. and move it quantitatively into measuring cylinder

Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Move the soil suspension into measuring cylinder and fill the measuring cylinder to the mark of 1000 ml Stir the soil suspension in measuring cylinder violently Put hydrometer into measuring cylinder and read the values in defined times (see below) Measure the soil suspension temperature after every hydrometer reading

Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temperature R R0 hR d Σ% 30´´ T1 1,029 1´ 26 2´ 23 5´ 19 10´ T2 14 20´ T3 13 30´ T4 12 40´ T5 11 50´ T6 60´ T7 Leave the hydrometer in soil suspension Remove the hydrometr afther every reading and clean it

Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R R0 hR d (mm) Σ% 30´´ T1 29 1´ 26 2´ 23 5´ 19 10´ T2 14 20´ T3 13 30´ T4 12 40´ T5 11 50´ T6 60´ T7

°C 20 21 22 23 24 25 Correction 0 + 0,5 + 0,36

Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R R0 hR d (mm) Σ% 30´´ T1 29 1´ 26 2´ 23 5´ 19 10´ T2 14 20´ T3 13 30´ T4 12 40´ T5 11 50´ T6 60´ T7 R + correction

Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R R0 hR d (mm) Σ% 30´´ T1 29 1´ 26 2´ 23 5´ 19 10´ T2 14 20´ T3 13 30´ T4 12 40´ T5 11 50´ T6 60´ T7

Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R R0 hR d (mm) Σ% 30´´ T1 29 1´ 26 2´ 23 5´ 19 10´ T2 14 20´ T3 13 30´ T4 12 40´ T5 11 50´ T6 60´ T7

d v Time ρZ A T Nomogram for Particle Size Determination ρz hours dynamic viscosity of liquids [g.cm-1.s-1] particle density [g.cm-3] specific gravity of liquid [g.cm-3] sedimentation rate [cm.s-1] particle diameters [mm] suspension temperature [OC] Depth [cm] time Nomogram for Particle Size Determination Temperaure correction ( t ) Key for particle size determination hours seconds minutes (Casagrande A., Modified) ρz d v Time ρZ A T

Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R KPG Katedra pedologie a geologie Hydrometric method Methodology of soil texture analyses Time Temp. R R0 hR d (mm) Σ% 30´´ T1 29 1´ 26 2´ 23 5´ 19 10´ T2 14 20´ T3 13 30´ T4 12 40´ T5 11 50´ T6 60´ T7 Σ% = 100/g * (ρZ.R0 / ρZ-1) g......Soil weight used for analyses

PARTICLE SIZE CURVE Grevel Sand Silt Clay Particle size diameters [mm] Percentage of particle size Grevel Sand Silt Clay Clay % 11 Silt % 26 Sand % 63 PARTICLE SIZE CURVE 2 mm 0.063 mm 0.002 mm

Soil Texture by Feel Analyses

PARTICLE SIZE CURVE Grevel Sand Silt Clay 2 mm 0.063 mm 0.002 mm Percentage of particle size Particle size diameters [mm]

Nomogram for Particle Size Determination dynamic viscosity of liquids [g.cm-1.s-1] particle density [g.cm-3] specific gravity of liquid [g.cm-3] sedimentation rate [cm.s-1] particle diameters [mm] suspension temperature [OC] Depth [cm] time Nomogram for Particle Size Determination Temperaure correction ( t ) Key for particle size determination hours seconds minutes (Casagrande A., Modified) ρz