Therapy: Psychotherapy - background Treatment – general We’ve looked at how specific disorders are explained and treated, based on each of the major perspectives This part is looking at treatment in general; these are often treatments used to treatment a variety of mental illnesses.

Therapy: Psychotherapy - background Psychotherapy - background Psychotherapy Psychological therapy Interaction between: trained therapist sufferer of psychological difficulties Can be: Alone Group Many varieties

Therapy: Psychotherapy - background Psychotherapy - background Eclectic Using a combination of different therapies, techniques Most common Rarely is one technique ever used Any course of treatment usually involves therapy and another treatment

Therapy: Psychotherapy - background Psychotherapy - background Eclectic Using a combination of different therapies, techniques Most common Rarely is one technique ever used Any course of treatment usually involves therapy and another treatment Example: Therapy & biochemical

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Classical Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud Uses: Projective tests Free association Dream interpretation Rare

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Psychodynamic Therapy Related to Psychoanalysis Uses Freud’s ideas, but not as strict Neo-Freudians Unconscious & childhood important

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Transference Feelings, conflicts, etc. transferred to the therapist Hate of father, love of sister-in-law, etc.

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Transference Feelings, conflicts, etc. transferred to the therapist Hate of father, love of sister-in-law, etc. Resistance Blocking from conscious painful memories, etc “Being difficult”

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Humanistic Humanistic Psychotherapy “Client-centered therapy” Uses active listening Unconditional positive regard Find out what is troubling in the here and now Responsibility on individual Carl Rogers

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic If understand root of problem, then can determine best way to solve

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Behavioral therapy Interested in treatment, not cause Most psychological problems - learned behaviors Learning new behaviors can eliminate unwanted ones

Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic vs. Humanistic & Behavioral

Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic vs. Humanistic & Behavioral Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic Need to find cause of problem before it can be treated.

Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic vs. Humanistic & Behavioral Psychoanalysis & Psychodynamic Need to find cause of problem before it can be treated. Humanistic & Behavioral therapy Interested in treatment, not cause

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Cognitive therapy Psychological disorders come from maladaptive thinking Teaches new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting Issues with cognitive therapy: Difficult for most people to change their way of thinking People suffering from depression, anxiety, etc.?

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Cognitive therapy: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) When we have an emotional reaction (getting upset, becoming happy, etc.) because of an event: it is not the event that upsets us, etc., it is the beliefs that we hold that cause us to become depressed, anxious, enraged, etc. People associated: Albert Ellis Aaron Beck

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Cognitive therapy: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) The ABC Model A. Something happens. B. You have a belief about the situation. C. You have an emotional reaction to the belief. For example: A. Your employer falsely accuses you of taking money from her purse & threatens to fire you. B. You believe, “She has no right to accuse me. She's a jerk!” C. You feel angry.

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Cognitive therapy: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) The ABC Model A. Something happens. B. You have a belief about the situation. C. You have an emotional reaction to the belief. Instead… For example: A. Your employer falsely accuses you of taking money from her purse & threatens to fire you. B. You believe, “She is angry about the lost money; she’s not really mad at me.” C. You feel empathy.

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Albert Ellis Aaron Beck

Therapy: Psychotherapy – varieties Psychotherapy – varieties Other psychotherapy Group therapy Self-help organizations Family therapy

Therapy: Biological Therapy Biological Therapy – Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Often referred to as “electroshock therapy” Passing electrical current through brain to treat illness Now: treat major depression Disrupts Long term potentiation - effects short term memory

Therapy: Biological Therapy Biological Therapy – Electroconvulsive Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Types: Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Therapy: Biological Therapy Biological Therapy – Psychosurgery Psychosurgery Destruction of brain tissue to treat disease Now only used as last resort Types: Prefrontal lobotomy Severing corpus callosum (epilepsy)

Therapy: Biological Therapy Biological Therapy – Psychosurgery Social control Not treating person Controlling them Usually lobotomy & electroshock therapy Now considered primitive

Therapy: Biological Therapy Biological Therapy – Psychosurgery Deinstitutionalization Under normal circumstances, would be treated in a mental hospital Strong support system (family, etc.), instead treat them at home or halfway house Familiar surroundings seen as beneficial

Therapy: Biological Therapy Biological Therapy – Chemotherapy/Biomedical Chemotherapy/Biomedical Medication Most common Agonist Increase amount of neurotransmitter absorbed by post-synaptic neuron Antagonist Decrease amount of neurotransmitter absorbed by post-synaptic neuron