ECONOMIC BOTANY STANDARDS for CROP WILD RELATIVES Presentation for PGR Forum Workshop 5 8 September 2004 Terceira prepared by Maria Scholten, Shelagh Kell, Nigel Maxted and Brian Ford-Lloyd

ECONOMIC BOTANY STANDARDS for CROP WILD RELATIVES - Outline - View some economic botany databases from the perspective of crop wild relatives Compare use classifications TDWG as proposed standard? Recommend use standards for PGR Forum

1. Cereals, legumes (starch/sugar) 2. Fruits 3. Vegetables 4. Oil plants 5. Dyes, resin etc 6. Fibre 7. Wood 8. Animal food 9. Medicinal /poisons 10. Ornamental (11. Narcotic/stimulating) EXAMPLES OF EARLY USE CLASSIFICATIONS: Hegi 1931, Zhukovsky 1964, Schlosser et al. 1991

ECONOMIC BOTANY DATA COLLECTION STANDARD “TDWG” ( Cook 1995) Example 1: Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Level 1Level 2 Level Food additives Roots Specific Plant parts used (8 descriptors): roots Food additive types (20 descriptors) : colourings Preparations used in (24 descriptors): ice cream Example 2: Hierochloe odorata (L.) P.Beauv. Level 1Level 2Level Social uses‘Religious’ UsesPlant part used (83 descriptors): entire Specific Social use types (20 descriptors): ritual/religion/magic

APPLICATIONS OF TDWG Database / publicationExtent of use New York Botanical Gardenslevel 3 partly MEDUSAlevel 1 - level 2 adapted FAO (Plantinfo and Ecocrop)level 1 FLORA CELTICA (RBGE)modified levels 1 and 2 SEPASAL (RBGK)completely ILDIS LegumesWeblevel 1 only Wild useful plants of Russiacompletely USDA (Wiersema)level 1 and 2 only Sources: TDWG Economic Botany Subgroup Report Summary 1999 MEDUSA: Chris Johnson personal communication

TWO TYPES OF USE STANDARDS: 1. Economic botany (TDWG prevalent) 2. Use in the context of Red Listing DATABASES TO BE COMPARED: World: GRIN - world - crops and first gene pool relatives MWD - world - crops and wild relatives Specific or regional: SEPASAL - semi-arid and arid areas - wild and semi-domesticated MEDUSA - Mediterranean - wild (potentially) useful plants ILDIS - world - legumes Russian CWR database - European crop wild relatives

GRIN: 16 gene source subcategories Query: Genetic Uses = 'all subclasses’ 760 hits Query: Genetic Uses = 'for crop progenitor’ 43 hits Query: Genetic uses = ‘for ornamental cultivars’ 267 hits Query: Genetic Uses = 'for crop relative’ 186 hits

Mansfeld’s Plant use queries on: “Breeding”268 hits “Gene source” 1 hit “Scientific use” 27 hits Full text queries on: “gene donor”0 hits “wild relative”5 hits

SEPASAL: FULL TDWG APPLICATION

SEPASAL: OVERVIEW USES AT TAXON LEVEL: the 3 levels in TDWG

SEPASAL: OVERVIEW OF SUB-CATEGORIES WITHIN MAJOR USE: GENE SOURCES

SEPASAL: DETAIL AT TAXON LEVEL

MEDUSA: query on Plant Used as Gene Sources

MEDUSA: query “ Plant Used as Gene Sources”: 8 hits

IUCN utilization authority file (version 1.0): 1. Scale of usage: proportion of total (global) population in use 2. Purpose of use: subsistence / national /international: 16 use categories 3. Forms removed from the wild: whole/parts 4. Source of specimen in commercial trade (in %) wild or other 5. Trends in offtake or harvest (increase /stable / decrease) 6. CITES status (Appendix I, II or III or not listed)

Dimensions of use Actual Potential Historical RegionalGlobalLocal Trends in use Geographical scale Time

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT STANDARD SYSTEMS GENERAL OVERVIEW USE CATEGORY LEVELS LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 GRIN MWD 45-- TDWG (HUNDREDS) IUCN

GRIN level 2: TDWG level 2: beneficial genetic traits TDWG level 3: 1. All uses 1. other beneficial genetic traits 2. Cold tolerance 2. cold tolerance 3. Crop quality- 4. Cytoplasmic male sterility- 5. Disease resistance 3. disease resistance 6. Drought resistance 4. drought resistance 7. Dwarfing- 8. High yield5. high yields 9. Metal tolerance- 10. For ornamental cultivars- 11. Pest resistance6. pest resistance 12. Poor-soil tolerance- 13. Progenitor of crop- 14. Related to crop- 15. Research in plant biology- 16. Salt tolerance7. salt tolerance 17. Waterlogging tolerance8. waterlogging tolerance

STANDARDS AND DATA

IMPLEMENTATION IN TDWG - PROPOSAL MAJOR CATEGORY SUBCATEGORY DESCRIPTORS LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 gene source close crop relative used as graft distant crop relative used as rootstock remote crop relative used as hybrid parent tested for breeding potential for breeding wild harvested semi-natural semi-domesticated

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BOOKS G. Hegi 1931 Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa Lehmann, Muenchen S. Schlosser, L. Reichhoff and P.Hanelt 1991 Wildpflanzen Mitteleuropas. Nutzung und Schutz. DLV Berlin GmbH. P.M. Zhukovsky 1964 Kulturnye rasteniya i ikh sorodichi. (Cultivated plants and their relatives.) Kolos, Leningrad WEBSITES GRIN Mansfeld’s World Database SEPASAL MEDUSA ILDIS IUCN