Must Do Develop a mnemonic device to help you remember the 8 cranial bones of the skull. When you recite the device touch your skull where the bones are located. Frontal Parietal x2 Sphenoid Temporal x2 Occipital Ethmoid – (internal)

Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilages Ligaments Two subdivisions of the skeleton Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton

Functions of Bones Support the body Protect soft organs Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles Store minerals and fats Blood cell formation

The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has 206 bones Two basic types of bone tissue Compact bone Spongy bone Small needle-like pieces of bone Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

Surface features of bones Bone Markings Surface features of bones Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Passages for nerves and blood vessels Joint surfaces Categories of bone markings Projections or processes—grow out from the bone surface Depressions or cavities—indentations

Must Do Get out your “Bone Markings” tables and diagrams and work towards completing each page.

Bone Markings Table 5.1 (1 of 2)

Bone Markings Table 5.1 (2 of 2)

Classification of Bones: By Shape # 3 Long bones – longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus) Heads at both ends Mostly compact bone Figure 6.2a

Classification of Bones: By Shape Short bones Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle (Calcaneus & Phalanx ) Mostly spongy Figure 6.2b

Classification of Bones: By Shape Flat bones – thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, ribs and most skull bones) Figure 6.2c

Classification of Bones: By Shape Irregular bones – bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones) Figure 6.2d

#4 Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone Figure 6.3a

Must Do Pick two bone markings Imagine/predict where, on the skeleton, those two bone markings may exist based on their description.

#4 Structure of Long Bone Figure 6.3

#4 Structure of Long Bone Figure 6.3b

Made almost entirely of contact bone Diaphysis Site of blood cell formation Spongy Bone 3. Fibrous membrane that covers bone Periosteum 4. Scientific term for end of bone Epiphysis 5. Contains fat in adult bones Yellow Marrow 6. Growth plate remnant Epiphyseal Line (Metaphysis) Yellow marrow

Structure of Long Bone 5. What differences between compact bone and spongy bone can be seen with the naked eye? Compact bone appears solid while spongy bone has obvious spaces Figure 6.3b

#7 Name the important bone components 1) Bones A) Support 2) Ligaments A) Connect Bone to Bone 3) Cartilage A) Formative (Shape) B) Articular (Padding in Joints) C) Hylaine (Premature Bone) Figure 6.3c

Skeletal System Bone as Living Tissue 1) Bones Grow 2) Bones Mend 3) Bones are as strong as hollow copper tubing of the same size

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Osteon (Haversian system) A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings Central (Haversian) canal Opening in the center of an osteon Carries blood vessels and nerves Perforating (Volkman’s) canal Canal perpendicular to the central canal

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3a

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings Lamellae Rings around the central canal Sites of lacunae

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3b–c

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae Form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Figure 5.3b

#8 What is the function of calcium salts in bone? Calcium salts are deposited into the organic matrix of the bone, giving the bone its' rigid structure and strength. #9 Which is responsible for bone structure? Inorganic portion Organic Portion Both contribute

#10 Trace the route taken by nutrients through a bone 4. Canaliculi 2. Haversian Canal 5. Osteocyte 1.Periosteum 3. Perforating Canal

Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone # 11 Canaliculi (a) a Central canal (b) b b c Concentrac lamellae (c) Matrix (d) Lacunae (e) d e Figure 6.6c