White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells Artery

Deliver O 2 Remove metabolic wastes Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume Protection from blood loss- platelets Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC Transport hormones

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Platelets (thrombocytes)

Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte  7.5  m in dia  Anucleate  Hematopoiesis- production of RBC  Function- transport respiratory gases  Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains  RBCs contain hemoglobin molecules  Life span days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell formation –Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Figure 17.5 Stem cell Hemocytoblast Proerythro- blast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus Reticulo- cyte Erythro- cyte Committed cell Developmental pathway

Blood Cell Production

Granulocytes Neutrophils % Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes % Never let monkeys eat bananas 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3

Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte platelet

Figure Stem cellDevelopmental pathway Hemocyto- blast Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte MegakaryocytePlatelets Small fragments – assist in blood clotting Platelets

Hemostasis: 4. Coagulation 1.Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation

Blood Clot Fibrin thread Platelet RBC

Type A Type B Type AB Type O

Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood typeAntigenAntibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no anti body Neither A or B Oanti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)

Figure Serum Anti-A RBCs Anti-B Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and B; agglutinates with both sera) Blood being tested Type A (contains agglutinogen A; agglutinates with anti-A) Type B (contains agglutinogen B; agglutinates with anti-B) Type O (contains no agglutinogens; does not agglutinate with either serum)