Energy Storyboard There are four energy sources Renewable v. nonrenewable Non-renewable use drives global climate change and accumulates biotoxins Industrialized nations consume non-renewables at disproportionately high rates Improving efficiency represents incremental change with limited benefits Expanding IPAT equation reveals high-leverage design opportunities Sources create many energy resources Awareness of facts: Energy resources differ in the impact of their use Main point Energy resources are abundantly more than needed for a thriving planet but industrial era practices of energy use have negative planetary and human impacts Awareness of personal role: Current energy retrieval and use practices must shift toward renewables Awareness of strategies: High leverage interventions involve shifts in human behavior Capture and use from different resources have different impacts This work was made possible by the National Science Foundation’s DUE# | © Jane Qiong Zhang and Linda Vanasupa Energy uses often derive from cultural practices rather than human necessities

Energy 2 Energy Basics

Energy Types of energetic forces Activity (5 minutes) What is the difference between an energy source and an energy resource?

Energy Replenishment timescale for energy resources Historical time scale Log (time) seconds

Energy The Earth at Night

Energy Reserves v. Resource base

Energy 7 Energy Use

Energy or consumedgenerated amount year amount year  consumed stock Balanced use of resources generated

Energy Activity (5-10 minutes) Fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil and petroleum) can theoretically be replenished. Why is it considered a non-renewable energy source? or consumedgenerated amount year amount year  generated consumed stock Depleting non-renewable resources

Energy Renewable Energy amount year  consumed regenerated amount year Renewable stock (resource) available generated consumed stock Activity (5-10 minutes) Nuclear energy comes from a radioactive type of Uranium. Would nuclear energy be considered renewable or nonrenewable? Why? or

Energy Activity (5-10 minutes) According to current engineering knowledge, how long do we have before we deplete the global proven oil reserves? What does this computation presume? annual global Consumption rate Global petroleum reserves: how long? 2009 Proven Oil Reserves ~ 1255 billion barrels 2009 Global annual consumption rate ~ 59 billion barrels (US~33%) Stock supply Of oil Effective annual generation rate ~ 450 barrels

Energy Activity (5) In a closed thermodynamic system like the earth, what impact would burning fossil fuels have on the global atmosphere? Burning releases chemical energy Conversion from chemical to thermal Fossil fuel energy recovery CH 4 (g) + O 2 (g) CO+ H O 2 (g) Heat used to do work

Energy Activity (5) Consider the uses of electricity in a technological society. Come up with a design principle that would minimize the energy losses, toxins and CO 2 emissions. Low efficiency and health hazards Coal fired plant Household electricity Conversion from chemical to thermal Energy losses biotoxins & CO 2 thermal to mechanical Mechanical to electrical distributedconsumedconversion Energy stored Conversions generated Impact of current methods

Energy Hazardous Air Pollutants from generating electricity Acid gases, dioxins and furans, mercury, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, selenium, manganese, lead, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, radioisotopes, volatile organic compounds Range of known effects Irritation brain Damage birth Defects cancer Coal fired plant Household electricity Energy losses consumed Stock generated Toxins to Air Water Land

Energy Activity (5-10 minutes) There is an argument that the developed nations should pay for the development of renewable technologies and give these technologies to developing nations because they are largely responsible for creating the problem of increased CO 2, the primary greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere. What do you think of that argument? Burning fossil fuels (O 2 + C x H y compounds)  CO 2 + other compounds Retrieving chemical energy from fossil fuels

Energy Accumulation of CO 2 from fossil fuels

Energy Embedded CO 2 : United States trade Activity (5-10 minutes) Notice the three largest arrows into the United States. How can CO 2 be “embedded” in goods and services? What do you imagine these are?

Energy U.S. Primary Energy Consumption, 2010 (Quadrillion Btu) Class Activity (5 minutes) What is the dominant energy resource in the US? What would it take to produce a radically different flow, such as renewables being the dominant energy source?

Energy Ecological footprint: tracking CO 2

Energy Accumulation of CO 2 from Human Activity Source: National Geographic, by Nigel Holmes; used with permission

Energy 21 Renewable Energy

Energy Activity (5 minutes) The rate of anthropogenic energy use of all resources is thousands times smaller than the rate of solar energy incident on accessible land. However only about 10% of the global power comes from incoming solar radiation. Discuss the factors that keep the proportion of global power sources as they are. Global Energy Flow Picture ~65% fossil fuels 89 x W Incident Solar Energy on earth surface Human use ~18 x W

Energy Renewable Energy Resources Class Activity (5-10 minutes) It is said that the only true renewable source of energy for earth is the sun, that in fact the sun is the source of all but geothermal. Critique the accuracy of this statement.

Energy Biomass types Class Activity (5 minutes) Choose one of the biomass fuels and describe the possible unintended consequences of using it on a wide scale or over the long term?

Energy Water consumption: electricity

Energy Water consumption: electricity

Energy Water consumption: fuels Class Activity (5 minutes) What conclusions do you draw from this data set?

Energy 28 Strategies

Energy Material objects subject-object Efficient Final transpersonal Formal subject-subject Aristotle, Roger Burton natural capital processes design intent

Energy natural capital intent design Roger Burton, Donella Meadows Redefining goals Transcending paradigms Empowering self-organization Changing System Rules Altering numbers, stocks and flows processes Enabling access to information

Energy Meadow’s Hierarchy of interventions

Energy I = P x A x T Expand Design Domain Impact = Population x Economic Good population Pollutant Economic good x Class Activity (5 minutes) Research global population projections. If we continue with business as usual, using industrial-era technologies and practices, what is likely to be the impact trend, using the IPAT relationship?

Energy Impact = Population x Economic Good population Pollutant Economic good x Expand Design Domain

Energy Potential technology impacts Cullen, J.M. and Allwood, J.M. (2010) The efficient use of energy: tracing the global flow of energy from fuel to service, Energy Policy, Used with permission.

Energy Global energy flow, 2005