Лекція № 1 Grammar in Use: Dentistry

Present continuous shows an action that is happening in the present time at or around the moment of speaking.

verb “to be” + gerund of the verb: “am / are / is” + verb + -ing IamV ing (studying, writing) he, she, itis you, we, theyare I am delivering the lecture at the moment. Students are writing down the grammar material now. It is 7.00 in the morning. Dr. Smith is in his new car on his way to the hospital. He is driving to the hospital. Dr. Smith is examining the patient now. Dr. Smith's colleague is performing the root canal therapy.

Present continuous is used in the following situations: Something that is happening around or close to the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking: I am writing an interesting article on pulpitis. I'll lend it to you when I've finished it. Something that is happening for a limited period of time around the present (e.g. today, this week, this season, this year...): The students are working hard this term. Changing situations: The patient is getting better with the new treatment. His blood pressure is rising very fast.

Shows an action that happens again and again (repeated action) in the present time, but not necessarily at the time of speaking.

Tenses: Present Simple Dr. Smith works at the dental clinic. I teach English for future medical professionals. I (you, we, they) write He (she, it) writes We add endings “-s” (“-es”, “-ies”) for the third person singular (he, she, it or their equivalents: “the student”, “the doctor”, “the nurse”, etc.)

There are three ways to make the “S-form”: – by adding “s” to the end of a verb (run -> runs, sit -> sits, see -> sees, play -> plays) – by adding “es” to the end of the verb that has a sibilant sound – ss, ch, x, tch, sh, zz (watch -> watches, guess -> guesses, mix -> mixes) – by changing final “-y” to “-ies” after a consonant+y (study -> studies, party -> parties, fly -> flies)

Present Simple is used: To talk about something that happens all the time or repeatedly or something that is true in general. Oral hygienists provide information as to the dental care. Nurses take care of patients. Cigarettes cause lung cancer. To say how often we do things: I begin to operate at 8.30 every morning. Dr. Taylor does endodontics two times a week. How often do you go to the dentist? Twice a year. The simple present is often used with adverbs of frequency such as “always”, “often”, “sometimes”, “rarely”, “never”, “every week”, “twice a year”.

The present simple tense has the following forms: Affirmative: I work here. He works here. Negative: I/we/you/they do not (don't) work here. He/she/it does not (doesn't) work here Interrogative: ± Do I/we/you/they work here? ± Does he/she/it work here?

Present Perfect Have/has + past participle of the verb. Regular verbs: ending “-ed” - examined Irregular verbs: the third form of the verb - write – wrote – written I have examined this patient. He has written the prescription. Ihave V 3 (examined, written) he, she, ithas you, we, theyhave

To talk about the present result of a past action. To talk about a recent happening.

Present Perfect is used: We can use the present perfect with the following particles: Just: Dr. Smith has just arrived at the hospital. Already: The second-year student has already finished her presentation. A period of time that continues up to the present (an unfinished period of time): We use the expressions: today, this morning, this evening, this week... I have examined 5 patients today.

Present Perfect is used: Something that we are expecting. In this situation we use “yet” to show that the speaker is expecting something to happen, but only in questions and negative sentences: Dr. Smith has not arrived yet. Something you have never done or something you have not done during a period of time that continues up to the present: I have not done root canal treatment since I was a resident. We also use the present perfect with these expressions: Superlative: It is the most interesting case I have ever seen. The first (second, third...) time... : This is the first time that I have seen a patient with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

Shows an action that began in the past and has gone on up to the present time.

Present Perfect Continuous Have/has been + gerund. To talk about an action that began in the past and has recently stopped or just stopped: You look tired. Have you been studying? Yes, I have been studying the new clinical case. To ask or say how long something has been happening: Dr. Smith has been working in the project from its inception.

Present Perfect Continuous We use the following particles: How long...? (to ask how long). For, since (to say how long): How long have you been working as a dentist? I have been working as a dentist for ten years. I have been working as a dentist since 1998.