 5 th Century- Germanic invaders overran the western half of the Roman Empire, caused a series of changes:  Disruption of trade  Downfall of cities  Population shifts  Decline of learning  Loss of a common language

 Small Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces  Borders changed constantly  Church provides order and security  Concept of government changes- emphasis on personal ties

 United the Franks into one kingdom  The alliance between the Church and Clovis marked the start of a partnership between two powerful forces

 Became Pope in 590  Broadened the authority of the papacy beyond its spiritual role- it becomes a secular power involved in politics  Strengthened the vision of Christendom

 Major domo (mayor of the palace) in 719  Held more power than the king  Extended the Franks’ reign to the north, south, and east  Defeated the Muslim raiders in the Battle of Tours in 732- made him a Christian hero

 Wanted to be king and cooperated with the Pope  Pope anointed him “king by the grace of god”  Beginning the Carolingian Dynasty ( )

 Built an empire greater than any known since Ancient Rome  Reunited western Europe  Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope

 Charlemagne’s three grandsons fought over control of the empire  843- signed the Treaty of Verdun- dividing the empire into three kingdoms  Carolingian kings lost power and central authority broke down  Lack of strong rulers leads to a new system of governing and landholding- feudalism

VIKINGS  Came from the north  Worshiped war-like gods  Gradually accept Christianity (leading them to stop raiding monaseries)  Warming trend made farming easier in Scandinavia (they didn’t need to raid as much) MAGYARS & MUSLIMS  Magars- from the east- did not settle conquered lands but took captives to sell as slaves  Muslims- planned to conquer and settle in Europe

 Based on rights and obligations  Depended on control of the land  A lord (landowner) grants a fief (land) to a vassal (person receiving the fief) in exchange for military protection and other services Charles the Simple & Rollo

Those who fought Those who prayed Those who worked

 Technology of warfare changed- leather saddles and stirrups  Feudal lords raised private armies of knights  Code of chivalry

 Downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare and idealized castle life  Epic poetry  Love poems and songs  Troubadours

 Parish Priest  Bishop  Archbishop  Cardinal  Pope  Secular Clergy  Regular Clergy

 Advisors to the king  King gains credibility from the people if the Pope supported him  Cannon Law- Church’s code of law  If a law is broken, a person could be excommunicated  If a rule goes against the church, a whole region could be excommunicated  Heretics

 Corruption developed because people could become individually wealthy  High church offices were bought  If the church needed money, they would create a new Cardinal position

 Franciscan monks- started by St. Francis of Assisi  Dominicans- started by St. Dominc  Members were called friars  Lived and preached to the people  Hunted heretics (Inquisition)

 Most effective ruler of medieval Germany  Formed a close alliance with the Church  Built his power base by gaining the support of the bishops and abbots  Used his power to defeat German princes  Pope crowned him emperor

 Church was not happy that kings had control over clergy and their offices  Lay investiture  Henry IV (German Emperor) vs. Gregory (Pope)  Concordat of Worms

 Empire falls to pieces in 1190  German kings continued to revive Charlemagne’s empire and his alliance with the Church- leading to wars with Italian cities and further conflicts with the Pope  System of German princes electing the king weakened royal authority  Feudal states of Germany never unify during the Middle Ages