NEW CHAPTER TOPIC: TAXONOMY

CLASSIFICATION – THE LINNAEUS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM-FOR THE OCEAN PROKARYOTES MARINE ALGAES MARINE PLANTS MARINE ANIMALS

-THOUSANDS OF NEW SPECIES ARE DISCOVERED EACH YEAR -BASED ON EVOLUTIONARY DESCENT, NOT JUST PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, THEY GET GROUPED WITH ORGANISMS HAVING SIMILAR CHARACTERISTICS -WE DETERMINE EVOLUTIONARY DESCENT BY: 1. DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequences 2. Molecular clock-relative mutation rates 3. Comparative embryology 4. Fossil records 5. Comparative anatomy

EARLY SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION Example 1 3 TYPES OF PLANTS: STEM A STEM B STEM C 3 TYPES OF ANIMALS: LAND AIR WATER

ARISTOTLE’S SYSTEM Example 2 Red blood vs. no red blood

LINNAEUS’ SYSTEM

A GOOD SYSTEM! “NESTED HIERARCHY” 7 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

K P C O F G S KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

What does it mean to be HUMAN? ANIMAL CHORDATE MAMMAL PRIMATE HOMINIDAE HOMO SAPIENS

ANIMAL “KINGDOM” TREE

CHORDATE “PHYLUM” TREE

MAMMAL “CLASS” TREE

PRIMATE “FAMILY” TREE

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE TWO PART NAMING SYSTEM USING MOSTLY LATIN LANGUAGE GENUS SPECIES EX. Homo sapiens

Modern Taxonomy -The science of naming and classifying organisms into KPCOFGS -Each of the 7 classification groups is called a taxon (taxon plural is taxa) Note…plural for the taxon, genus, is genera

SYSTEMATICS FIELD OF STUDY THAT ORGANIZES ORGANISMS IN THE CONTEXT OF EVOLUTION. HYPOTHESIS BASED ON SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE. A phylogenetic tree is a graphical representation of the evolutionary relationship between taxonomic groups. PHYLOGENETIC TREE

CLADISTICS NEW SYSTEM USES SHARED FEATURES CALLED “DERIVED CHARACTERS” TO ESTABLISH EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS. VERTEBRATE CLADOGRAM

6 Kingdom vs. 3 Domain System of Classification 1 Eubacteria………Domain Bacteria 2 Archaebacteria…Domain Archaea 3 Protista………….Domain Eukarya 4 Fungi…………….Domain Eukarya 5 Plantae………….Domain Eukarya 6 Animalia…………Domain Eukarya Guess what’s now on the table??? Replace Protista w/: Protoctista 5 kingdom system (Monera)

Foldable Project 6 Kingdoms of Life Directions: 1. Fold your paper in half (hot dog style). Then, fold your hot dog in half. Open your hot dog. Your hot dog now has a fold down the center. Fold each side of your hot dog so that you have 3 sections on each side of your hot dog, for a total of six sections. 2. Cut the top flap of each section (DO NOT CUT BOTH FLAPS!) 3. Label each flap with: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

For each kingdom, provide each of the following on the inside of your tab: Type(s) of organism(s) in the Kingdom Characteristics of members of the Kingdom Draw at least 2 pictures of members of the Kingdom Include any interesting facts about the Kingdom!