THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

What Was It? The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transportation It began in England The Industrial Revolution would spread from England, across Europe, and eventually to the United States.

WHY FIRST IN GREAT BRITAIN? Changes in Farming Development of trading in 18th century= access to raw materials and new markets The development of farming and trade produces big incomes that could be invested in new activities such as the new industry Entrepeneur’s mentality between both nobility and gentry that controlled Government and Parliament and was favoured by its laws

Which changed first, farming or industry? Farming, after Paul Bairoch The new farming Increased The yields More money to invest The demand of iron Growth of iron industry The standard of living Demand for cloth

Old and new farming Extensive agriculture Leave the land fallow Low yields Old tools Cyclical famines High mortality Intensive agriculture Crop rotation High yields New tools No famines Population growth

Old and new farming

The First Industrial Revolution Characteristics

New Machines First in the textile industry and especially in the cotton industry The Steam engine. James Watt The iron industry=developing of coal mining The locomotive and the railway: the revolution of transport

New machines and factories

Factory system : each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Workers, paid by salary, and machines, were brought together in a central factory under the same roof instead of the old domestic system.

Social consequences Exploitation of workers, especially women and children, in factories and mines High mortality rate in industrial areas Growth of the industrial cities Bad housing Beginning of Trade Unions

Transport Revolution, Consequences Increase in the demand for iron. Transportation of goods, quicker, further and cheaper People can also travel quicker, cheaper and further

The second industrial revolution Characteristics

News energies: petroleum and hydroelectric power New types of industries: electrical, chemical, steel… New means of transport: automobile, electric trains and trams, aircrafts New countries: USA, Germany and Japan New forms of working: the Ford system New enterprises: trust

Demographical changes Farming provides more food=less mortality Science development=improvements in health, such as vaccines=less mortality Less mortality= population growth Factories locate in cities=workers emigrate to cities that become greater and greater. London had 1 million inhabitants in Migrations to other continents, especially from Europe to America

Thomas Robert Malthus ( ). “An Essay on the Principle of Population “

The Demographic Transition Model (DTM)