ATP/ADP Cycle Unit 5: Cell Energy - Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Adenosine TriPhosphate Charged battery Ex. Active Transport Adenosine DiPhosphate Released through cellular respiration Uncharged battery

Formulas Carbohydrates Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPIRATION Energy (Light) Autotrophs Only- Producers (make their food) Chlorophyll is the key. All LIFE! Autotrophs and Heterotrophs (Consumers) 6CO 2 + 6H Sunlight  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO 2 + 6H ATP Energy (ATP)

Chloroplast Outer Membrane Grana – “coin rolls” Lumen (thylakoid space) Inner Membrane StromaThylakoid - “coins” membrane Contains Chlorophyll & Green pigment Draw!

Mitochondrion Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Intermembrane Christae Matrix Draw!

Light Dependant & Light Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis Draw! Light Dependant ReactionLight Independent Reaction

Photosynthesis Light Dependent Rxns In the thylakoid membranes Uses light energy to make ATP and excite electrons of chlorophyll Water is split and O 2 is released Electron carriers carry excited electrons to the stroma (NADPH) ATP goes to the stroma Light INDependent Rxns Enzyme reactions in the stroma CO 2 is absorbed Energy from the light dependent rxns is used to make glucose (ATP and NADPH) Also called the Calvin cycle Reminders: In Photosynthesis, Water and Carbon Dioxide are the reactants and Glucose and Oxygen are products

Process Location Reactants Products Light Dependant Reaction Photosynthesis Light Independant Reaction Calvin Cycle Thylakoid Membranes Sunlight H2OH2O ATP NADPH O2O2 Stroma ATP NADPH CO 2 Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 ADP NADP +

The Reactions of Photosynthesis What can affect (limit) photosynthesis? Water – One of the raw materials needed! Temperature – Enzymes are needed to help photosynthesis and work best between 0 o C and 35 o C. – Temperatures above or below this range may damage the enzymes. Light intensity – Intensity affects the rate at which photosynthesis occurs. Colour ;) – ROY G. BIV (really RYB) – Plants (due to pigment) require certain wL of visible light. They do well in red & blue-violet regions, but not so in green

A Food Lesson There is a lot of energy stored in food! – One gram of the sugar glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) releases 3,811 calories of heat energy. A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 o C – We use “Calories”, which is a kilocalorie, or 1,000 calories. – So, that gram of sugar contains about 3.8 “food” calories.

3 steps of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasm Breaks glucose down into 2 pyruvates Makes 2 ATP & NADH (electron carriers) Occurs with or without oxygen Krebs cycle Occurs in the matrix Series of enzyme rxns Produces 4 ATP and NADH and FADH 2 (electron carriers) CO 2 is released Electron Transport Chain Located in the inner membrane Series of transport proteins Excited electrons (from NADH and FADH 2 ) bounce from one protein to the next releasing energy Energy is used to make 32 ATP Oxygen is changed into water Reminders: In Cellular Respiration, Glucose and Oxygen are the reactants and Water and Carbon Dioxide are products Steps 1-3 take one C 6 H 12 O 6 molecule & make 38 ATPs

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Aerobic uses oxygen and makes 38 ATP in the mitochondrion Oxygen Anaerobic occurs when there is no oxygen NOOxygen Glucose is still broken down into 2 pyruvates in glycolysis = makes 2 ATP Pyruvate cant enter the mitochondrion AKA - fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration) Performed by animals when there isn't enough O 2 Produces 2 ATP in glycolysis Produces Lactic Acid Makes muscles sore

Alcoholic Fermentation (Anaerobic Cellular Respiration) Performed by Yeast (a fungus) and bacteria Produces 2 ATP in glycolysis Produces alcohol Makes bread rise Makes alcoholic beverages

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Lactic Acid or Alcoholic Fermentation Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain Aerobic (with oxygen) Glycolysis Both use Glycolysis NO O 2. Pyruvate cant enter the mitochondrion. 2 ATP Made O 2 present, so pyruvate can enter the mitochondrion. 38 ATP made. **More Efficient Glycolysis

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration are _____________ processes. This means that the ________ of photosynthesis are the ________ of respiration and the ________ of photosynthesis are the _______ of respiration complementary products reactants

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Formula: 6CO 2 + 6H LIGHT  6O 2 + C 6 H Reactants: Carbon dioxide Water Light Products: Oxygen Glucose

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 6O 2 + C 6 H  6CO 2 + 6H ATP Formula: Reactants Oxygen Glucose Products Carbon Water Energy

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Autotrophs Autotrophs and Heterotrophs