Puberty and Adolescence Chapter 11

Learning Outcomes Know the conceptions of adolescence Identify hormonal changes Identify growth patterns Discuss individual difference in puberty growth Know health issues in adolescents Discuss factors in sexually transmitted disease and teenage pregnancy, noting prevention and intervention strategies Discuss cognitive stages Discuss impact of drugs

Conceptions of Adolescence Biological perspective: puberty G. Stanley Hall: storm and stress Social perspective: Margaret Mead: social and cultural influences Balanced point of view: biological, psychological, and social influences

Hormonal Changes in Puberty Growth hormone and thyroxine Boys: androgens: testosterone Girls: estrogens adrenal androgens 1.Question are both types present in females and males? 2.True or false, puberty is the the time of greatest differentiation since prenatal life. The role of androgens:

Sexual Maturation (pg 291) Primary Sexual Characteristics Maturation of the reproductive organs Girls: menarche Boys: spermarche Secondary Sexual Characteristics Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity Girls: breasts Boys: facial hair, voice change Both: underarm hair

Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty Heredity Nutrition, exercise SES Race/ethnicity Early family experiences Secular trends or generational change The role of physical well being in puberty development see page 291 Questions: Is the age of menarche declining or increasing? Causes? Why is this a concern?

Consequences of Pubertal Timing GirlsBoys Early Maturing Unpopular, withdrawn, low in confidence Less positive body image More deviant behavior Prone to lasting difficulties Popular Self-confident, independent More positive body image More deviant behavior Late Maturing Popular Sociable, school leaders More positive body image Unpopular Anxiety, depressed mood Less positive body image Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence BoysGirls Growth spurt  starts age 12½  starts age 10 Proportions  shoulders broaden  longer legs  hips broaden Muscle–fat makeup  gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency  add more fat Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Motor Development and Physical Activity Differences in physical activity changes Pressures for physical activity Eight percent of US high school seniors mostly boys report having using Creatine, an over the counter substance that enhances short-term muscle growth. Two percent of US high school seniors report having used steroids. Physical activity does it decline or increase? By age 15 ____% meet the standard of physical activity.

Adolescent Brain Development Synaptic pruning continues Prefrontal cortex Cognitive advances: attention planning integrating information self-regulation Expansion of synaptic connections, myelination Linkages among cortical regions strengthen Neurotransmitter response changes More sensitive to excitatory messages Increased responsiveness to stress pleasure and novelty Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sleep Habits in Adolescence Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later Lack of sleep impairs executive function: reduced achievement increased anxiety, depressed mood high-risk behaviors Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nutrition in Adolescence Calorie needs increase Poor food choices common: skipping breakfast eating fast foods Family meals associated with healthier diet © artemisphoto/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa  Starve self due to fear of getting fat  Equally common across SES groups  Racial/ethnic variations  Heredity, neurotransmitter abnormalities, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute  Difficult to treat Bulimia nervosa  Strict dieting, excessive exercise, and purging  Heredity, parenting style, and personal/cultural factors contribute  More common and easier to treat than anorexia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Adolescent Sexuality North American attitudes relatively restrictive: media and family messages contradictory consumption of sexualized media poses risks: Internet as “sex educator” © bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

U.S. Adolescents Reporting Ever Having Had Sexual Intercourse Figure 11.3 (From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012f.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics  About 727,000 teen pregnancies in most recently reported year  12,000 younger than age 15  1 in 4 end in abortion  87% of births to unwed mothers Figure 11.4 (From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011c.) Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

What is our rate in Kern County?

Question Of the following counties, who has the two highest teen birth rates in the State: A)Kern B)San Francisco C)LA D)Tulare

What are Kern’s Rates

Adolescent Contraceptive Use 20% of U.S. sexually active teenagers do not use consistently Reasons: social environment: lack of meaningful education and work unrealistic about consequences sexual exploitation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Alexey Klementiev/Fotolia

Adolescents and STDs STI rates highest in adolescence: especially high in United States 1 out of 5 to 6 sexually active teens affected AIDS most serious: manifests 8–10 years later often infected during adolescence Females more easily infected STD education improving Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Teen Pregnancy Prevention and Intervention Prevention Strategies Better sex education Skills for handling sexual situations Information and access to contraceptives Academic and social competence School involvement Intervention Strategies Health care Help staying in school Job and life- management training Parenting instruction Adult mentors Affordable child care Father support Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Billboard Campaign What would slogan do you think would work? What information would you want to put in the billboard campaign? What do you think will work and why?

U.S. Adolescent Substance Use Have tried, by grade 10: cigarettes—33% alcohol—58% illegal drugs—37% By end of high school: 11% smoke regularly 27% report recent heavy drinking 25% have used highly addictive drugs Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. © Elena Rostunova/Shutterstock

Substance Use versus Abuse Experimenters Psychologically healthy Sociable Sensation- seeking Abusers  Family mental health problems, substance abuse  Child abuse  Impulsivity, hostility  Drug-taking starts earlier Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Piaget Cognitive Imaginary audience Personal fable Hypothetico-deductive reasoning Piaget’s pendulum problem Propositional thought