CIVIL RIGHTS A TIMELINE OF KEY EVENTS

CIVIL WAR Amendments & Plessy v. Ferguson 13 th : 1865 abolished slavery 13 th : 1865 abolished slavery 14 th : 1868 established citizenship and due process 14 th : 1868 established citizenship and due process 15 th : 1870 universal male suffrage 15 th : 1870 universal male suffrage 1896 US Supreme Court legalizes segregation in the United States “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL”

Early Civil Rights Leaders W.E.B. DuBois— pushed for immediate civil rights and equality. Leader of NAACP W.E.B. DuBois— pushed for immediate civil rights and equality. Leader of NAACP Booker T. Washington founder of Tuskegee Institute.

Civil Rights Organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) The National Urban League (NUL) The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) (Black Power) Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)

Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, Pres. Truman integrates the military 1948 Pres. Truman integrates the military

1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas Supreme Court rules “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”. Ends school segregation. Thurgood Marshall argued the case in the Supreme Court Supreme Court rules “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”. Ends school segregation. Thurgood Marshall argued the case in the Supreme Court

1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus. A boycott follows, leading to desegregation. Rosa Parks arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus. A boycott follows, leading to desegregation.

1957 Central High School Little Rock, Arkansas “The Little Rock Nine” Pres. Eisenhower sends federal troops after Arkansas governor Orval Faubus uses the National Guard to deny entrance to African-American students at Central High. Pres. Eisenhower sends federal troops after Arkansas governor Orval Faubus uses the National Guard to deny entrance to African-American students at Central High.

1960 Sit-ins College students in Greensboro, NC stage sit-ins at the Woolworth’s lunch counter College students in Greensboro, NC stage sit-ins at the Woolworth’s lunch counter Volunteers, black and white, take buses into the South to test new desegregation laws, often meeting with violence

Freedom rides

1962 Univ. of Mississippi Pres. Kennedy sends 5000 federal troops to Mississippi to allow James Meredith, the school’s 1 st African-American student, to attend. Pres. Kennedy sends 5000 federal troops to Mississippi to allow James Meredith, the school’s 1 st African-American student, to attend.

1963 Birmingham, AL Martin Luther King and the SCLC) focus on segregation in Birmingham. Protests there ends in violence, riots, and arrests of adults and children. Martin Luther King and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) focus on segregation in Birmingham. Protests there ends in violence, riots, and arrests of adults and children.Southern Christian Leadership Conference Ralph David Abernathy Sr. co-founded, and was an executive board member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Following the assassination of King, Abernathy became president of the SCLC. Ralph David Abernathy Sr. co-founded, and was an executive board member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). Following the assassination of King, Abernathy became president of the SCLC.. Abernathy also served as an advisory committee member of the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE)Congress on Racial Equality

The Letter from Birmingham Jail The Letter from Birmingham Jail (also known as "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" and "The Negro Is Your Brother") is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King, Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere“ The Letter from Birmingham Jail (also known as "Letter from Birmingham City Jail" and "The Negro Is Your Brother") is an open letter written on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King, Jr. The letter defends the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism. It says that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws and to take direct action rather than waiting potentially forever for justice to come through the courts. Responding to being referred to as an "outsider," King writes, “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere“

Aug 1963 March on Washington 200,000 people hear Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech in Washington. 200,000 people hear Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech in Washington. The march was organized by a group of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations, under the theme "jobs, and freedom". Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black. The march was organized by a group of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations, under the theme "jobs, and freedom". Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black.

What was the purpose of the march on Washington in 1963? What was the purpose of the march on Washington in 1963? A. to end racial discrimination A. to end racial discrimination B. to lower taxes on African-Americans B. to lower taxes on African-Americans C. to get Congress to approve Reparations C. to get Congress to approve Reparations D. to support affirmative action D. to support affirmative action

1963 Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Gov. George Wallace promises “segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!” Gov. George Wallace promises “segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!” Refuses to desegregate Univ. of Alabama Refuses to desegregate Univ. of Alabama Stands aside only after being confronted by federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard. Stands aside only after being confronted by federal marshals and the Alabama National Guard.

1963 Bombing in Birmingham 16 th St. Baptist Church, a bomb explodes on a Sunday morning, killing four young girls. 16 th St. Baptist Church, a bomb explodes on a Sunday morning, killing four young girls. KKK member seen planting bomb, is arrested, but found guilty of possessing dynamite without a permit. KKK member seen planting bomb, is arrested, but found guilty of possessing dynamite without a permit. Fined $100 and six months Fined $100 and six months in jail. in jail.

th Amendment Outlawed poll tax. Black voter registration begins to increase. Outlawed poll tax. Black voter registration begins to increase.

1964 Civil Rights Act The Act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin, and granted the federal government new powers to enforce the law The Act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin, and granted the federal government new powers to enforce the law

1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer Civil rights activists attempt to register African-Americans to vote Civil rights activists attempt to register African-Americans to vote The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), often pronounced "snick": SNCC's major contribution was in its field work, organizing voter registration drives all over the South.

1965 Selma March Demanding voting rights, 600 protesters plan to march to Montgomery. Demanding voting rights, 600 protesters plan to march to Montgomery. 6 blocks into march, they meet state troopers armed with nightsticks and tear gas. 6 blocks into march, they meet state troopers armed with nightsticks and tear gas.

1965 Voting Rights Act In the aftermath of Selma, Pres. Johnson calls for passage of a voting rights bill. In the aftermath of Selma, Pres. Johnson calls for passage of a voting rights bill. Outlaws literacy tests, est’d fed. oversight Outlaws literacy tests, est’d fed. oversight

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Protests—different views KING: Non-violent, passive resistance KING: Non-violent, passive resistance Influenced by Ghandi Influenced by Ghandi Black Power: proactive, militant, focus on black pride and African heritage. Term popularized by Stokely Carmichael of SNCC

1965 Malcolm X assassinated Born Malcolm Little, he learned the ideas of black pride and self-reliance from his father, a follower of Marcus Garvey and member of the UNIA. Born Malcolm Little, he learned the ideas of black pride and self-reliance from his father, a follower of Marcus Garvey and member of the UNIA. While in prison, he converted to Islam and joined the Nation of Islam. While in prison, he converted to Islam and joined the Nation of Islam. Upon release, he changed his name; the X represented the African heritage he would never know. Upon release, he changed his name; the X represented the African heritage he would never know. He preached the superiority of blacks and separation from whites; he scorned King’s non-violence saying black people should use any means to protect themselves. He preached the superiority of blacks and separation from whites; he scorned King’s non-violence saying black people should use any means to protect themselves. Between 1952 and 1963, the Nation of Islam grew from 500 members to 25,000. Between 1952 and 1963, the Nation of Islam grew from 500 members to 25,000.

Malcolm X In 1964, Malcolm X made a pilgrimage to Mecca. After seeing Muslims of different races treating each other as equals, his views changed. In 1964, Malcolm X made a pilgrimage to Mecca. After seeing Muslims of different races treating each other as equals, his views changed. At a meeting in Feb. 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by two members of the Nation of Islam, although imprisoned for their crime, proclaimed their innocence. At a meeting in Feb. 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by two members of the Nation of Islam, although imprisoned for their crime, proclaimed their innocence.

Urban Race Riots – a call for economic rights Watts (Los Angeles), Detroit, Newark Watts (Los Angeles), Detroit, Newark

1968 Martin Luther King, Jr assassinated Memphis, TN, King is shot by James Earl Ray. He was 39 years old. Memphis, TN, King is shot by James Earl Ray. He was 39 years old.

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