Governance: Local Administration and Development Myths of the Grass Roots

Development Themes Development Theory Development Planning and Management Governance, Local Government and Civil Society Human Resource Development Donors and Development

Development Themes-Authors I. Planning vs. Implementation- Jeffery Pressman Naomi Caiden Aaron Wildavsky

Development Themes II. Gender and Development- Isabel Allende Sue Ellen Charlton Kathleen Staudt

Development Themes III. Cultural Issues: Clash of Civilizations- V.S. Naipaul Samuel Huntington Monte Palmer

Governance and Sovereignty "[T]ransformation (and globalization) has led to a reinvention of government and what it does" - Anonymous

Governance: an Overview of Issues Basic Terms: The Environment of Development Governance Manner in which the state is created, modified or overthrown

Governance Issues Local Government Primary unit of government that has both political leadership and bureaucratic structures

Governance Issues Civil Society Associations and organizations that are beyond the clan and the family and short of the state (does not include state organs)

Democracy: What is it? "It is only when men learn what it means to be free, and struggle to maintain proper limits upon the exercise of authority so that no one is allowed to become master of the others that human beings have the possibility of creating mutual relationships which they may freely enter and leave as they seek mutually productive patterns of human development." - Vincent Ostrom

Democracy: What is it? “ The policy makers have rational interests--to develop their countries, to improve the condition of their people, to acquire or stay in power, or to steal as much as possible.“- Peter Berger, Pyramids of Sacrifice

Types of Democracy: Terms Direct Democracy –Actual direct participation of a population in decision-making about laws and regulations Town hall or village model Indirect Democracy –Some form of representative democracy Pluralism –Existence of various diverse interest associations and groups within society

Types of Democracy, cont. Polyarchy –Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism) –Diverse interest associations cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy

James Madison and Democracy The problem with majorities Tyranny Factions

Direct Democracy vs. Representative Democracy Problem with Populism –Mob Justice Minority rights Shifting majorities Problem with Plebiscites Size and the Need for Indirect Representation

Governance and Sovereignty Rules of the Game politics: –Zero/sum vs. sum/sum politics "Splintering” –Break up of states--centrifugal forces Interest Group Liberalism Civil Society as organizational –Not the individual or the mass

Civil Society Definition: –Networks of organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests "Beyond the family but short of the state” - Hegal "Human Rights, Basic Needs and the Stuff of Citizenship” - First vs. Second generation

Governance and Sovereignty The need for apathy? Constitutional vs. Social stability Institutional structures: –Checks and balances –The Institutional State What is the "Institutional State?” Why is it important?

Decentralized Governance Subsidiarity- higher units of Government should not do what can be done by lower units

What Local Government Does Services Depend Upon: –Fiscal/budget allocation Taxes and transfers –Planning Strategic priorities –Managing Implementing

Local Government and the Local State Sovereignty –Authority to Govern (Ostrom) Presumption of Independence –A National Government status given by International Community and by use of International Law "States will necessarily remain central actors in development policy and development management." - Milton Esman

Local Government and the Local State Local State vs. Local Government Functional vs. Territorial Control Devolution –Urban vs. Rural –Urban linked with Rural

State Societal Linkages Central State - Macro Civil Society - Micro WeakStrong State-mezzo WeakStrong Mono-State…... INTERGOVERNMENTAL Systems in place. …..Local State SOFT STATE…………………………….PREDATORY STATE Local - SOFT STATE….………………LOCAL GOVERNMENT WeakStrong

The Primary Unit of Government Municipality: Lowest level with Bureaucrats English/American –Town vs. county (Rural vs. Urban) Continental European –Commune (no distinction between rural and urban)

Decentralization and Local Government: Models Devolution Deconcentration Delegation Privatization

Deconcentration Functional vs. Prefectoral Prefectoral integrated Prefectoral unintegrated

Control Systems Home AffairsLocal Govt. Council Labor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office Functional

Control Systems InteriorLocal Govt.Public WorksAgricultureEducationLabor Council/Chief Prefectoral - Integrated District Office District Labor Office District Ed. Office District Ag. Office Public Works Office

Control Systems Local Govt. Council/ Chief Prefectoral - Unintegrated Police InteriorLabor District Labor Office Education District Ed. Office Agriculture District Ag. Office Public Works Office District Office

Graham Greene The Quiet American Themes –The US Mission –The Third Force –The Advantage of the Revolutionaries –The French View?

Graham Greene The Quiet American Characters –The American and the American’s theory of development –The British Journalist--Engage? –The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?) Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy?

Author of the Week: Next Week: Arturo Escobar What Does Escobar say about the concepts Development Economics and Planning? How does he "Deconstruct" development? –What does that mean? "What Is To Be Done?" according to Escobar.