The 1920s The 1920s became known as the “Jazz Age” or “Roaring 20’s” Louis Armstrong

The 1920s America retreated into isolationism and experienced many cultural changes. Jazz music New dances and clothing Sports heroes like Babe Ruth The first popular movies helped people escape from reality.

Flappers Young women Wore short skirts and had short hair. Less constrained and more liberated in their behavior. Violated accepted social norms (smoking, drinking, driving, etc.)

PROHIBITON * In the 1920’s, the 18th Amendment banned the importing, exporting, transporting, selling, and manufacturing of alcohol.

Prohibition Speakeasy- underground drinking establishment Began to pop up around the United States after the start of the Prohibition Movement. Were often raided by police, but could not stop the establishments

BOOTLEGGING Describes the making, selling, and transporting of illegal alcohol Was truly the beginning of the wave of organized crime

ORGANIZED CRIME GROWS The business of bootlegging became a popular past time Organized crime started small, and built its way into more dangerous areas (gambling, prostitution, loans).

The 1920s During and after WWI the U.S. was experiencing incredible social and economic growth

The 1920s Businesses were experiencing record growth. New products were being invented on a scale never before seen.

The 1920s Government regulation, labor unions and the Progressive movement improved working conditions and the quality of life in cities.

The 1920s The average US citizen became more wealthy and was more likely to own their own home than ever before.

Herbert Hoover Hoover was elected President in 1928

Herbert Hoover He was a Republican and believed that the government should not use laws to regulate the economy However, economic growth during the 1920’s was dangerously rapid and unstable

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 From the average value of all stocks tripled

CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION Cause # 1 = Over- Speculation Cause # 2 = Increasing Consumerism Cause # 3 = Failures of the Federal Reserve Cause #4 = High Protective Tariffs

Cause # 1 = Over-Speculation “Speculation” - engaging in a risky business venture on the chance that a quick or sizable profit can be made Many people during the 1920s began to heavily speculate in the stock market

Cause # 1 = Over-Speculation Many investors commonly bought stock ‘on margin’. They only paid for part of the stock and borrowed the rest

Cause # 1 = Over-Speculation People who brought stocks on margin did so because they knew the price of the stock would go up

Cause # 1 = Over-Speculation Over speculation became very popular and stock brokers and banks were lending out huge sums of money and this made the stock market and the economy very unstable

Cause # 1 = Over-Speculation In 1929 the stock market crashed. The prices of stocks plummeted and barrowed money could not be paid back and many banks failed

Cause # 1 = Over-Speculation Many American banks also paid unsafe loans to Europeans so they could pay off their debts from WWI

Cause # 2 = Increasing Consumerism The Industrial Revolution caused the invention and mass production of many new products.

Cause # 2 = Increasing Consumerism Following the gloomy period of WWI, people were more willing to spend money to enjoy life.

Cause # 2 = Increasing Consumerism New advertising methods attracted consumers to buy products they might not want or need.

Salesmen were willing to sell products on installment plans (pay some now, pay the rest later), which caused many consumers to over-spend. Cause # 2 = Increasing Consumerism =

Cause # 3 = Failures of the Federal Reserve The Federal Reserve (The FED.) was established as a federal agency to control and regulate the nation’s banking system and the economy The Federal Reserve failed to prevent banks and stock brokers from lending out too much money during the 1920s

Cause # 3 = Failures of the Federal Reserve This led to the failure and foreclosure of one forth of the banks in the US.

Cause # 3 = Failures of the Federal Reserve This also led to a severe contraction in the nation’s supply of money in circulation

Cause # 4 = High Protective Tariffs Tariffs - taxes that are added to imported goods. They are designed to protect industries and businesses in the U.S. TRADE

Cause # 4 = High Protective Tariffs In response to the U.S. tariffs, the countries of Europe raised their own tariffs

Cause # 4 = High Protective Tariffs Tariffs interfered with world trade because they destroyed foreign markets for American products

The Hawley Smoot Tariff was passed in 1930 and was one of the highest tariffs in U.S. history This tariff only made the Depression worse because countries could not help each other Cause # 4 = High Protective Tariffs

The Great Depression

IMPACT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION

Black Monday October 28 th, 1929 A combination of factors prompt a record 16.4 million shares to be sold in one day. Over the next two days, the stock market was down by 25%. By July of 1932, the market was down 90%.

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 Many investors lost their life savings

1) Bank Failures When the Stock Market crashed people rushed to the banks to withdraw money Because the banks loaned out so much money they could not pay everyone when they came to withdraw their money

1) Bank Failures Much of the money was invested in people’s houses and businesses.

1) Bank Failures Banks begin to foreclose on people’s mortgages to get the money back. “Foreclose” – when banks take people’s property when they can’t pay their debts.

BANK FAILURES

1) Bank Failures This caused thousands of banks to close and many Americans lost their life-savings The U.S. financial system collapsed because the Federal Reserve failed to regulate banks and the stock market

1) Bank Failures With banks failing, there was little money to invest in new businesses.

2) Unemployment and Homelessness At the height of the Depression 25% of Americans were unemployed

2) Unemployment and Homelessness The unemployed soon were unable to pay their rents and were evicted from their homes

2) Unemployment and Homelessness Cities and towns throughout the country established soup kitchens and bread lines as local governments tried to feed the poor

2) Unemployment and Homelessness The number of homeless multiplied and they began to move into makeshift towns made out of scrap wood and tin shelters (These were called Hoovervilles)

3) Political Unrest and Unions Drastic increases in poverty and unemployment led to the growing militancy and political unrest of labor unions during the 1930s

3) Political Unrest and Unions Example – Support for the Communist and Socialist parties began to rise during the Depression

3) Political Unrest and Unions Example – The Bonus Army – unemployed veterans of WWI protested outside the White House demanding that they should be paid their income “bonus” early

3) Political Unrest and Unions President Hoover used the military to forcefully remove the Bonus Army protestors

The Bonus Army

4) Farm Foreclosures and Migration The Great Depression hit the farmers in rural America the worst (crop prices were actually lower than what it cost to transport them to market)

4) Farm Foreclosures and Migration Many farmers destroyed crops in protest rather than sell them for such low prices

4) Farm Foreclosures and Migration The banks foreclosed 10% of the nation’s farms and many farmers were forced to migrate

4) Farm Foreclosures and Migration Many migrated to cities and coastal areas to seek other work

5) The Dust Bowl In the mid 1930’s a horrible environmental disaster struck the farmers of the Great Plains During WWI American farmers began to over-farm the Plains

5) The Dust Bowl The grasslands were now plowed instead of being filled with cattle herds

5) The Dust Bowl When severe drought struck, the topsoil blew away as huge dust storms that filled the skies

5) The Dust Bowl The farmers of the Dust Bowl left as migrants and many went to California to work

The Election of 1932 Herbert Hoover VS. Franklin D. Roosevelt

Herbert Hoover 1) Republican 2) Passed the Hawley Smoot Tariff 3) Hoover would not use the government to control big businesses (believed in Voluntary Control) 4) Hoover would not use the federal government to help the poor (believed in Voluntary Aid)

Franklin D. Roosevelt 1) Democrat 2) Rallied a frightened nation by saying “We have nothing to fear but fear itself.” 3) Believed in increasing the size and power of the federal government to regulate big business and the economy 4) Believed in using government funds to aid the poor

Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Roosevelt rallied the frightened nation by saying: “The only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

FDR won by 7 million votes

Franklin Roosevelt’s “New Deal” The New Deal = FDR created and passed many new laws and social programs that were funded by the federal government to pull the country out of the Depression

Based on the slogan “Relief, Recovery and Reform” –Relief = immediate aid –Recovery = getting out of the longer term impacts of the Great Depression –Reform = change the system to no Depression would happen again (fix the problems that caused the Depression).

Fireside chats – a series of 30 speeches delivered by Roosevelt during his presidency. –Aimed at the common people –Focused on important topics.

A) Emergency Banking Act To help slow the banking crisis, FDR closed all banks in the U.S. for three days He gave banks federal funds so they could reopen

B) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) This law insured the money that people deposited in the banks FDR did this to restore public trust and confidence in the bank and to reform unsound banking laws

C) The Works Progress Administration The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) These were government relief measures designed to provide direct payment to people for immediate government aid These programs did this by giving millions of unemployed men jobs

C) The Works Progress Administration The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) They worked in national parks and other public works projects like dams and roads

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Responsible for the construction of many parks as well Skyline Drive

Tennessee Valley Authority Built dams and power plants to provide electricity to rural areas.

DAM!

D) Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) Over-Production of crops made prices drop very low FDR used federal funds to pay farmers to NOT produce crops This was a recovery program that was designed to bring the county out of depression over time

E) Social Security Act This new program was designed to offer safeguards for workers

E) Social Security Act Social Security is a system that taxes workers so it can repay them later in life to ensure that workers can retire Social Security also provided “Unemployment Insurance”

Success of the New Deal New Deal programs did help provide relief to workers and they lessened the effects of the Depression

Success of the New Deal The United States did not fully come out of the Depression until WWII (Wars have a tendency to do that)

New Deal caused a belief that the government should deliver public services, intervene in the economy and promote the general welfare.