The Catholic Reformation Ending corruption and restoring Catholicism in Europe Ignatius Loyola ( ) Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Spiritual Exercises Index Expurgatorius

Baroque Painting in Italy Derived from the Portuguese word barocco Baroque art is characterized as ornate, spatial, and theatrical Strong contrasts of light and dark, bold, illusionistic The style originated in Italy and was the dominant style of art between 1600 to 1750

Baroque Artists Caravaggio ( ): known for his The Supper at Emmaus and The Crucifixion of Saint Peter Caravaggio’s paintings brought to life the ideals of the Catholic Reformation Artemisia Gentileschi ( ) was one of the few female painter’s that brought to her painting fierce intensity

The Supper at Emmaus (1600) by Caravaggio Caravaggio recreated the early Christian past as though its major events were occurring in the local taverns and streets of 16 th century Italy

The Crucifixion of Saint Peter (1601) by Caravaggio Caravaggio arranged the figures in a tense position Here, Saint Peter is being crucified upside down The saint’s powerful physique is belied by the expression of vulnerability on his aging face Notice the figures of the painting are close to the viewer, Caravaggio darkened the background to keep the viewers attention to the action

Judith Slaying Holofernes by Artemisia Gentileschi Gentileschi was one of the few female painters of the Baroque era Her powerful rendering of Judith slaying Holofenes, illustrates the decapitation of an Assyrian general and enemy of Israel at the hands of a clever widow

A tale found in the Apocrypha (non canonical books of the Bible), the slaying of the tyrannical Holofernes was a favorite Renaissance allegory of liberty and religious defiance

Baroque Sculpture Gianlorenzo Bernini ( ): Italian architect and sculptor Created theatrical drama in his sculptures Bernini’s sculpture of David vs. Michelangelo’s and Donatello’s The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa

Fountain of the Four Rivers by Gianlorenzo Bernini Bernini was the chief sculptor of Rome and under him Rome became the “city of fountains” He brings to this piece a revival of the old Roman aqueducts

David (1623) by Gianlorenzo Bernini Unlike Donatello’s or Michelangelo’s rendition of the biblical character of David, Bernini’s sculpture David brings a daring degree of dramatic theatricality Bernin’s Daid appears in mid- action, stretching the slingshot behind him as he prepares to launch the rock

The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa by Gianlorenzo Bernini Executed between 1645 and 1652 for the Cornaro Chapel of Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome This sculpture brings to life Saint Teresa’s autobiographical description of divine seduction Bernini depicts the swooning saint with head sunk back and eyes half closed The angel lifts her bodice to insert the flaming arrow of divine love

Baroque Architecture Bernini’s courtyard design of Saint Peter’s Basilica Italian baroque churches were designed to reflect the mystical and evangelical ideals of the Catholic reformation Il Gesu (The Church of Jesus) designed by Giacomo da Vignola ( ) Francesco Borromini ( ) Andra Pozzo ( )

Bernini’s colonnade consists of two double rows of 40 ft high marble columns – 284 round columns with Ionic capitals, and 88 square pilasters Bernini’s design was meant to symbolize outstretched and enveloping arms welcoming visitors to the basilica

Copper engraving by Giovanni Piranesi ca The piazza (plaza) could accommodate more than 250,000 people